L15 Transplant and Transfusion Flashcards
(63 cards)
What is transfusion?
Transferring blood or blood products from a donor to a recipient.
What is transplantation?
Organ/ cells/ tissues from a donor to a recipient
Who manages blood and transplant services in England?
NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT)
What does NSHBT do?
Donation, storage, and transplantation of blood components, organs, tissues, bone marrow, and stem cells.
NSHBT also carry out research.
National blood service 1946 = 200,000 units
NHSBT Today = 1.6 million units.
Reduce healthcare inequalities.
Black blood donors are 10 times more likely to have what particular blood group?
RO subtype and B+
What is the Ro subtype important for?
Patients with sickle cell disease who require regular transfusions over time - well matched blood necessary to avoid adverse effects.
What Rh blood type is Ro a subtype?
Ro subtype is a variation of the Rh positive blood type.
For what two reasons is Ro subtype particularly important?
- demand is increasing by 10-15% each year
- only 2% of regular donors have the Ro subtype
Who is Torkwase Holmes and what did she aim to do?
Bristol based ambassador and outreach officer NHSBT, honoured for her services to diversity in blood donation.
Aimed to increase donors from the black community and increase awareness of sickle cell disease and the need for well-matched blood for transfusion.
Why might someone need a blood transfusion?
- pregnancy
- cancer
- trauma
- surgery
- neonates
What is apheresis?
Apheresis gives us the ability to filter blood into fractions e.g. platelets, granulocytes, plasma, concentrated RBC.
What is the pre-donation selection questionnaire?
Given to donors prior to donation.
General health/ travel questions.
Significantly reduces the chances of donors having an infection that would lead to the blood donated being unusable.
In a 2020 annual epidemiological report, how many donors made how many donations?
1 million donors
1.7 million donations
What safety precautions are in place surrounding blood donation?
- donor health check
- microbial blood screening
In microbiological screening of blood, what are examples of mandatory testing, discretionary, and bacterial screening.
Mandatory = HI, HBV, HCV, Syphilis
Discretionary = Malaria, WNV, T. cruzi (travel to endemic areas)
Bacterial screening = done on platelets only as they are stored at room temperature (ideal for bacterial proliferation)
When can a transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) occur?
If an agent is present in the bloodstream in its infectious form and at a sufficient dose for infectivity, and be able to withstand storage conditions for the particular blood product before transfusion.
What are blood group antigens?
Inherited molecules on RBC surface that elicit an immune response.
Why is blood typing so important?
We can form alloantibodies in response to antigens on RBC, eliciting an immune response if they don’t match.
When do alloantigen’s become a problem?
clinically significant alloantibodies cause problems in transfusion and translation.
At a minimum, what blood groups are considered for donor and recipient?
ABO and RhD
Extra blood grouping may be required for specific patients, for example those with sickle cell disease.
How many major blood groups are there?
8, but 36 different blood group systems.
Why is RhD important in pregnant women?
Women may be at risk of haemolytic disease of the newborn if pregnant with RhD+ fetus
What is the earliest example of transplantation?
600 BC - Indian surgeon experiments with transplanting skin and cartilage for disfiguring facial wounds
What are some major transplantation milestones?
1954 - first kidney transplant
1963 - first liver transplant
1967 - first heart transplant
2001 - first complete lung transplant
