L16, 17 & 18: Organ Systems Flashcards by Sam Quesne

True or false: The word “visceral” relates to organs

True

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In an organ, you have at least two tissues that work together. You have the main tissue and the __?__ tissue(s).

Sporadic

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What is the integumentary system?

The skin and it’s derived organs.

hair, nails, glands, and nerve-endings

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What are the 2 primary layers of the skin?

Epidermis
Dermis (corium)

(There is also a sub-layer known as the hypodermis)

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Describe the contact between the dermis and the epidermis

Hummocky and ridged (dermal papilla protrude into the epidermis to counter shear forces)

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The epidermis forms a waterproof barrier made up of multiple strata. What are these strata (starting at the top)

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale/germinativum

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What fixture holds stratum basale to the basement membrane?

Hemidesmosomes

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Stratum granulosum contains cells with granular cytoplasm. What do these cells do?

Secrete lipids to waterproof the skin

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What is melanin?

A pigment secreted by melanocytes. It is passed to keratinocytes where it surrounds the nucleus and protects it from UV damage.

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True or false: Melanocytes are protected from UV damage

False. They pass the UV-blocking melanin to keratinocytes and are left unprotected

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What are Merkel cells?

Discs that ‘feel’ or are sensitive to touch. Slow-adapting and possibly play a neuroendocrine role.

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Stratum spinosum has a spiny/thorny appearance (hence the name). Describe the structure of stratum spinosum.

8-10 layers of polygonal cells (keratinocytes) attached to each other by desmosomes (cadherin proteins).

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The keratinocytes in stratum spinosum display pyknosis. What is this?

Darkened nuclei that are an early sign of apoptosis/autophagy

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By what method is melanin delivered to keratinocytes?

Cytocrine transfer: direct delivery of cytoplasm and organelles between cells

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What are Langerhans cells?

Langerhans cells (intraepidermal macrophages) are found specifically in the spinosum. Created in the bone marrow; transfer to the epidermis to aid immune cells.

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Describe a melanocyte

A cell in contact with the basement membrane with tendrils that extend up through the epidermis enabling cytocrine transfer of melanin pigment

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Describe the structure of stratum granulosum

Consists of 1-5 layers, superficial layers are often anucleate (apoptosis began in the spinosum)

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What is characteristic of the cells in stratum granulosum?

They have a granular appearance due to the build up of keratohyalin proteins, and are often anucleate - or in the process of denucleation

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True or false: Epidermal polymodal free-nerve endings encompass all layers of the epidermis

False. Epidermal polymodal free nerve endings encompass all layers up to the stratum granulosum

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Stratum lucidum is the second layer from the top. Describe it

(Lucid = clear) 3-5 layers of anucleate cells. Contains eleidin (a type of keratin)

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What is the top layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum. It is made of dead, flat cells that are full of keratin to make a waterproof barrier

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What is desquamation?

Shedding of cells

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A cell’s journey from the basale to the surface takes 2-4 weeks. What major processes take place in this time?

Keratinisation and apoptosis

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What is the name of the layer of skin beneath the epidermis?

Dermis

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What type of tissue is the dermis?

Connective tissue

What are the two sublayers within the dermis?

1) Papillary | 2) Reticular

What proportion of the dermis is taken up by the papillary layer?

One fifth

The papillary layer is made of loose areolar connective tissue. What does "areolar tissue" mean?

Loose and irregularly arranged

What are papillae?

Ridges on the papillary layer that cause fingerprints in thick skin on hands and feet

Define "corpuscle".

A minute body or cell

What are Meissner's corpuscles?

Mechanoreceptor in the papillary layer that detect light touch

Do Meissner's corpuscles have encapsulated or free nerve endings? Are they myelinated?

Encapsulated; non-myelinated.

Meissner's corpuscles detect touch. Are they slowly or rapidly adapting?

Rapidly adapting (e.g. you stop feeling your clothes)

True or false: The papillary layer is avascular

False. It is highly vascularised.

What three shapes can you get from fingerprints?

1. Loops (60-70%) 2. Whorls (25-35%) 3. Arches (5%)

Which layer of the dermis is dense and irregular?

Reticular layer

In which layer would you find hair follicles?

Reticular layer

Fill in the gaps: | __1__ corpuscles detect deep touch, pressure and __2__. They are __3__ adapting and can be found in the __4__ layer.

1) Pacinian 2) vibration 3) rapidly 4) reticular

Fill in the gaps: | __1__ corpuscles detect stretch. They are __2__ adapting and can be found in the __3__ layer.

1) Ruffini 2) slowly 3) reticular

What mode of secretion takes place in sudoriferous glands? A) Apocrine B) Holocrine C) Merocrine D) Endocrine

C) Merocrine | Sudoriferous glands are sweat glands

In which layer of the skin are the ducts of the merocrine sudoriferous glands located?

Reticular layer

True or false: The Meissner's, Pacinian and Ruffini corpuscles are all encapsulated mechanoreceptors?

True

What mode of secretion takes place in sebaceous glands? A) Apocrine B) Holocrine C) Merocrine D) Endocrine

B) Holocrine | Sebaceous glands secrete oil/sebum

If a mechanoreceptor is large with vague borders, what could it be?

Either a Pacinian or Ruffini corpuscle

If a mechanoreceptor detects the stimuli throughout it's contact, what type could it be?

It must be slowly adapting, therefore either Merkel's disc or Ruffini corpuscle

If a stimulus is picked up by a Meissner's corpuscle, will the sensation remain throughout the contact?

No, as Meissner's corpuscles are rapid adapters

What is the name given to the part of the integumentary system that attaches the skin to the underlying organs?

Hypodermis | subcutis, superficial fascia

In which part of the integumentary system might you find adipose tissue?

Hypodermis

In which part of the integumentary system might you find dermal papillae?

Dermis, in the papillary layer

What accessory organs might you find as part of the integumentary system?

Hairs Nails Glands

Hairs are epidermal growths that have what three functions?

1) Protection 2) Thermoregulation 3) Display

What components are involved with hair?

1) Shaft, root, follicle 2) Sebaceous glands 3) Arrector pili muscle 4) Hair root nerve plexus (touch)

What is vellus hair?

Short, thin hair that covers most of the body. May be converted into terminal hair in some areas (armpit, pubic, beard etc..)

What is lanugo?

The woolly hair that covers babies - present in utero

What response occurs when body temperature rises above normal?

Nervous system signal dermal blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to secrete, to bring temperature down.

What response occurs when body temperature drops below normal?

Nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to constrict and sweat glands remain inactive, to conserve heat. Muscles may contract involuntarily to generate heat.

Why are abrasions typically more painful than lacerations?

More nerves are damaged in abrasions

A patient presents with black eschar scabs. What do they have?

Third degree burn

Fill in the gap: | Sunburn is a __?__ degree burn.

first

Which type of burn blisters?

Second degree

Which skin cancer: - occurs in stratum basale - has a pearl-like appearance - is the most common cancer - rarely metastasises

Basal cell carcinoma

Which skin cancer: - occurs in stratum spinosum - occurs in the elderly - is the second most common cancer - can metastasise

Squamous cell carcinoma

Which skin cancer: - involves the melanocytes and existing moles - can metastasise - can be lethal

Malignant melanoma

How do you identify a malignant melanoma?

ABCD Asymmetry Border is irregular Colour is mixed Diameter >6mm

What are the four types of injection site?

- Intradermal - Intravenous - Subcutaneous - Intramuscular

True or false: | The cardiovascular system is involved in temperature regulation, immunity, and acid-base balance.

True

Which system is involved in: - Ventilation/gas exchange - Acid-base balance - Communication - Defence from pathogens

Respiratory system

What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

- Blood - Heart - Blood vessels

True or false: | Blood is typically slightly acidic

False, it should be slightly alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45)

True or false: Blood is a type of tissue

True. Blood is classified as connective tissue

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells

What is the scientific name given to white blood cells?

Leukocytes

Which components of blood are anucleate?

Erythrocytes and platelets/thrombocytes

What are thrombocyte?

Platelets

Which white blood cells are involved with specific immunity?

Lymphocytes

Which white blood cells are involved with allergens/parasites?

Eosinophil

Which white blood cells are involved with histamine/heparin?

Basophil

Which white blood cells are active phagocytes?

Neutrophil

Which white blood cells are macrophages?

Monocytes

What is the role of erythrocytes with regards to gas exchange?

Erythrocytes contain haemoglobin to bind O2 and CO2 for gas exchange

True or false: While CO2 can bind to erythrocytes, most of it is transported in the plasma in dissolved form.

True

What are alveolar type I cells?

Squamous alveolar cells

What are alveolar type II cells?

Septal cells

Which nerve has a positive chronotropic effect (increases HR) and a positive inotropic effect (increases force of contraction)?

Cardiac accelerator

What is the route taken by electrical activity from the SA node?

SA node --> intermodal tracts --> AV node --> bundle of His --> interventricular septum --> Purkinje fibres

What effect does vagal tone have on the sinus rhythm of the SA node?

Decreases it

What are the three main layers of blood vessel walls?

Tunica externa (outermost) Tunica media (middle) Tunica intima (innermost)

Which of the blood vessel tunics contains elastic and collagen fibres?

All three of them

Which blood Bessel tunic is made of concentric smooth muscle tissue?

Tunica media

Which blood vessel tunic is made from squamous epithelium (endothelium) and basement membrane?

Tunica intima

The aorta and pulmonary trunk are examples of what type of blood vessel?

Elastic (large) arteries

What is vasa vasorum?

The blood supply that supplies large arteries

Elastic (large) arteries have a very elastic tunica media, with very few muscle cells. What effect does this elasticity have?

Maintains blood pressure, evens out pulse force

True or false: Elastic (large) arteries have their own blood and nerve supply

True

Which of the following is NOT true of large veins? A. All 3 tunica layers B. Relatively thick tunica media C. Vasa vasorum D. Nerve supply

B. Relatively thick tunica media Large veins have a relatively thin tunica media

The majority of arteries are __1__ (medium) arteries - also called __2__ arteries.

1. muscular | 2. distribution

True or false: Muscular arteries do not have a vasa vasorum

False. Larger muscular arteries have a vasa vasorum and a nerve supply.

What is the function of smooth muscle cells in tunica media?

Change the diameter of the lumen (vasoconstriction/ vasodilation)

Where are valves found in medium sized veins?

Tunica intima

Arterioles are also known as __?__

Resistance vessels

True or false: Arterioles have thin, incomplete or no tunica externa and a thin or incomplete tunica media

True Although the tunica is thin or incomplete, arterioles are still capable of vasoconstriction/ dilation

Which of the following are true of venules: A. Collect blood from capillaries B. Contain valves C. Posses all three tunics D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following is NOT true of capillaries: A. Endothelial tube inside thin basement membrane B. No tunica externa C. Thin tunica media D. Diameter is fairly similar to red blood cell

C. Thin tunica media Capillaries have no tunica media

What are the three types of capillary?

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

Kidney

Where would you find sinusoidal capillaries?

Spleen, bone marrow

What controls capillary bed perfusion?

Sphincters from the metarteriole

What term describes peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction?

Systolic pressure

What term describes minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation?

Diastolic pressure

What is pulse pressure?

Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

diastolic pressure + a third pulse pressure

Which of the following will increase BP? A. Increase lumen diameter B. Decrease vessel length C. Increase blood viscosity D. Decrease venous return

C. Increase blood viscosity

What do the kidneys do in response to hypoxia?

(hypoxia = low oxygen) Kidneys release erythropoietin which compels bones to produce red blood cells

What 6 components make up the urinary system?

Kidneys (x2) Ureters (x2) Urinary bladder Urethra

What are the three tubes connected to the kidney?

Renal artery, renal vein, ureter

What is the hilus

A central fissure on the exterior of the kidney

Each renal lobe consists of what?

1 renal pyramid, overlaying area renal cortex, half of each adjacent renal column

What is a nephron?

A functional unit in the kidney

What are the two parts of a nephron?

Renal corpuscle Renal tubule

What components make a renal corpuscle?

1. Glomerulus | 2. Bowman's capsule

What components make a renal tubule?

1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Collecting duct

What is the relationship between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule?

Bowman's capsule envelopes the glomerulus

Where would you find a ball of fenestrated capillaries?

The glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

Where is blood filtered to create a plasma-like filtrate?

Glomerulus

Where does water get reabsorbed into the blood?

Can be reabsorbed all along the renal tubule

Is the renal corpuscle found in the cortex or the medulla?

Cortex

Which part of the nephron can be seen in the renal medulla?

The loop of Henle

L16, 17 & 18: Organ Systems Flashcards

(127 cards)