L16;C6

Question 1

What is Dalton’s law?

Answer 1

The total pressure and sum of all partial pressures of all gases in a mixture

Question 2

What is SATP at sea level?

Answer 2

760mmHg

Question 3

How do you find PP?

Answer 3

Barometric pressure x [fractional]

Question 4

What is Henry’s law?

Answer 4

amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure

Question 5

What do diffusion rates depend on?

Answer 5

• pressure differences

- solubility of gas in fluids

Question 6

PP is ____ in capillaries due to high pressure gradient

Answer 6

High

Question 7

What does the pressure gradient cause with respect to diffusion?

Answer 7

It causes diffusion of O2 into and CO2 out of tissues

Question 8

What is higher in tissues? Oxygenated blood or CO2?

Answer 8

CO2

Question 9

Greater surface area= _______ diffusion

Answer 9

Greater

Question 10

With respect to diffusion constant, gases that have high what have high diffusion constant?

Answer 10

Gases that have high solubility have high diffusion rate

Question 11

How much of the bottom lungs are perfumed with blood?

Answer 11

1/3

Question 12

What is poor about the top 2/3 of surface area of the lungs?

Answer 12

It’s is very bad at any gas exchange

Question 13

Pulmonary arteries have _____mmHg of CO2

Alveolar PCO2 have _____mmHg

Answer 13

46

40

Question 14

What does the 6mmHg difference permits comparing pulmonary and alveolar PCO2?

Answer 14

This permits diffusion, it is 20x greater than O2. This allows diffusion despite low gradient

Question 15

PP dictates diffusion. If PP is lower, what happens to diffusion?

Answer 15

When PP is lower, there is less diffusion

Question 16

As exercise intensity increases, you go from _____ difference to _____

Answer 16

Lower, higher

Question 17

More O2, _____ partial pressure

Answer 17

Increased

Question 18

What are four factors that dictate the maximum amount of O2 blood can carry?

Answer 18

1. Based on Hb content
2. Hb is 99% saturated at rest
3. Lower saturation with exercise
4. Less than 2% is dissolved in plasma

Question 19

People with small stature allow for arterial ________ _______

Answer 19

Enduced Hypoximia

Question 20

What does Anema do?

Answer 20

It decreases Hb, and decreased O2 Capacity

Question 21

For every 1mmHg increase, _____ O2 dissolves in plasma

Answer 21

0.003ml

Question 22

Where is there higher saturation of Hb in the body? Why? Where is it lower?

Answer 22

There is higher saturation in the arteries and lungs so it can be carried and used. It is lower in the muscles

Question 23

Explain the off loading portion of Hb saturation curve

Answer 23

This is where smaller changes in PP such as metabolism increases which results in large changes in saturation

Question 24

Explain the unloading phase off the curve

Answer 24

This is where saturation changes with small amounts of PO2 allowing for O2 to unload to tissues easier.

Question 25

What causes a right shift in saturation curves?

Answer 25

- increase in 2,3DPG - Temperature increases - decrease in O2

Question 26

What causes a shift to the left?

Answer 26

- increase in pH

Question 27

What is the DPG caused by?

Answer 27

It is a by product of glycolysis

Question 28

Explain the role of bicarbonate with respect to O2 and Hb

Answer 28

H+ binds to Hb buffering it. This triggers a Bhor effect and it eventually decreases movement of O2 associated with Hb

Question 29

With regards to carbaminohemoglobin, when you increase PCo2, what does this cause (with Hb binding) and what happens when it decreases?

Answer 29

When PCo2 increases—> it is easier Co2-Hb binding | When PCo2 decreases—> it is easier Co2-Hb dissociation

Question 30

What is the haldane effect?

Answer 30

Hb interaction with O2 reduces its ability to combine with Co2 This aids with releasing Co2 in the lungs

Question 31

How many molecules can myoglobin bind? Hemoglobin?

Answer 31

Myoglobin—> 1 molecule | Hemoglobin—> 4 molecules

Question 32

What is the curve difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin? Why is it like this?

Answer 32

Hb is significant due to it having more binding sites, myoglobin stays the same and has a relative exponential increase due to it only have 1 binding site

Question 33

What is the relationship between Myoglobin and Hemoglobin?

Answer 33

Hemoglobin is diffusing O2 into muscles, then the Myoglobin facilities the O2 into the muscle for use

Question 34

What is myoglobins influence and roles (3)

Answer 34

1. o2 content of blood 2. Blood flow 3. Local conditions

Question 35

What is CO2 removal driven by?

Answer 35

This is driven by PCO2 gradient, blood PCo2 low, tissue (muscles) Pco2 is high

Question 36

Ventilation requires coordination between ______ regulation of ________ ventilation

Answer 36

Involuntary, pulmonary

Question 37

What three things does the respiratory Center have?

Answer 37

- inspiratory, expiratory - located in brain stem - established rate and depth of breathing signals

Question 38

What is the most potent stimulus for breathing nervous action?

Answer 38

Co2

Question 39

Wheat are central chemoreceptors stimulated by? What are their functions?

Answer 39

Stimulated by the increase in Co2 in cerebrospinal fluid. | They also increase rate of breathing and removes excess Co2 from body

Question 40

What are peripheral chemoreceptors? Where are they located?

Answer 40

These are in aortic body and bifurcation of the carotid arteries, they are sedative to blood Po2, PCO2 H+

Question 41

What are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 41

These deal with excessive stretch, they reduce breathing

Question 42

What is frank starling law?

Answer 42

stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction

Question 43

What is ficks law?

Answer 43

Diffusion occurs from high [] to low []