L16 - NTDs

Question 1

List bacterial NTDs

Answer 1

Buruli ulcer, leprosy, trachoma

Question 2

List protozoan NTDs

Answer 2

Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis

Question 3

List helminth NTDs

Answer 3

Ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filiariasis, onchocerciasis, dracunculiasis, podonconiosis

Question 4

Where are most NTDs most prevalent?

Answer 4

SSA

Question 5

What are 4 most prevalent NTDs in SSA?

Answer 5

Schistosomiasis 200 million, hookworm 198 million, ascariasis 173 million, trichuriasis 162 million

Question 6

Describe schistosomiasis life cycle

Answer 6

Worms in blood vessels lay eggs. Eggs enter fresh water through faeces/urine. Eggs enter water snails. Larvae are produced. These penetrate human skin when bathing. Enters blood and travels to liver.

Question 7

Describe signs of SCI

Answer 7

blood in urine, fibrosis of bladder and liver, swollen stomach, premature death

Question 8

What is the treatment of SCI and who donates it?

Answer 8

Praziquantel donated by MERCK

Question 9

What are the soil transmitted helminths?

Answer 9

Ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis

Question 10

What is the treatment for ascariasis, hookworm and trichuriasis?

Answer 10

Abendazole and mebendazole (Johnson and Johnson)

Question 11

Describe lymphatic filiariasis life cycle

Answer 11

Microfiliariae found in blood around midnight, block lymph vessels. Transmission through mosquito vector (culex in asia and anopheles in Africa).

Question 12

What is the second most disabling disease?

Answer 12

Lymphatic filiariasis

Question 13

How many people are affected by LF?

Answer 13

120 million and 83 million disabled by it.

Question 14

What are some clinical features of LF?

Answer 14

Hydrocoele, oedema

Question 15

What is the treatment for LF?

Answer 15

Annual treatment for 6 years of albendazole + mectizan in Africa and albendazole + DEC in Asia

Question 16

When is target of LF elimination?

Answer 16

2020

Question 17

Describe life cycle of Onchocerciasis

Answer 17

female worms produce microfiliariae, MF are ingested by fly, fly bites humans, adult worm produced

Question 18

List features of onchocerciasis

Answer 18

River blindness if larvae cross retina, itching

Question 19

What is the treatment of onchocerciasis?

Answer 19

Mectizan (prevents larvae production) donated by MERCK and CO

Question 20

Describe cause and transmission of trachoma

Answer 20

Caused by chlamydia, carried by flies

Question 21

Describe features of trachoma

Answer 21

blindness, conjunctivitis (early stage), less than 3.5 million people are affected

Question 22

What is the treatment if trachoma?

Answer 22

Zithromax taken annually for 3 years and donated by pfizer

Question 23

What is drancunculiasis also called?

Answer 23

Guinea worm

Question 24

What are features of dracunculiasis?

Answer 24

You can pull it out, its spread by pond water, almost eradicated (only 17 cases this year thanks to J. Carter)

Question 25

Who donates multi-drug therapy for leprosy?

Answer 25

Novartis

Question 26

Who donates albendazole for LF elimination?

Answer 26

GSK

Question 27

Who donates DEC for LF in Asia?

Answer 27

Eisai

Question 28

What is the threshold for SCI treatment?

Answer 28

3/10 children infected

Question 29

Name other organisations helping NTD effort

Answer 29

CIFF, BMGF, EF, givewell, the world bank

Question 30

What are the two types of leishmaniasis?

Answer 30

Dermal, visceral

Question 31

How is leishmaniasis transmitted?

Answer 31

Sand fly

Question 32

What are the 2 types of sleeping sickness

Answer 32

chronic or acute killer

Question 33

How many people are unsusceptible to leprosy?

Answer 33

19/20

Question 34

How many countries report dengue cases?

Answer 34

125