L19

Question 1

describe basal nuclei

Answer 1

• Grey matter, deep in cerebral hemispheres
  
  • Inhibit/regulates muscle tone- selects useful motor activity + rejects useless
  • Monitor/coordinate slow sustained contractions of posture + support
  • Works with thalamus + cortex
    
    • Input/outputs everywhere in brain

Question 2

describe parkinsons disease

Answer 2

• The basal ganglia contains the substantia nigra, in midbrain
  
  • There are dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, that project to the striatum
    - Parkinson’s disease is the loss of those dopaminergic neurons, causes death of these neurons

Question 3

label the image of the striatum + substantia nigra

Answer 3

refer to onenote

Question 4

what is in the limbic system and what does it control

Answer 4

• is cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal nuclei, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

controls
- Learning + short/long term memory
- Emotion (fear, anger, pleasure etc., amygdala is emotional centre)
- motivation (internal signals that shape behaviour)

Question 5

label a image of the limbic system

Answer 5

refer to onenote

Question 6

where is the memory stored and what are the 4 stages

Answer 6

• in the hippocampus

    ○ Short
    ○ Long
    ○ Consolidation of short into long
             - Working memory- skills not facts (in prefrontal cortex)

Question 7

example of memory

Answer 7

○ Newly acquired info, goes into short term memory, either
§ Permanent lost
□ Forgotten, unable to retrieve
§ Rapid retrieval
□ Remember
□ Slower retrieval until ingrained in memory
- LONG TERM MEMORY

Question 8

explain the central integrative system

Answer 8

• Brain is a info processor
  
  • Can also generate info with no input
    
    • Measured via real time PET/MRI or EEG

Question 9

what are the lobes of the cerebral cortex

Answer 9

• Occipital lobe- vision
  
  • Temporal lobe- sound
  • Parietal lobe- behind central sulcus, somesthetic sensation ( touch, pressure, heat, cold) + proprioceptor info (body position)
    - Frontal lobes- voluntary motor activity, speaking, thoughts

Question 10

describe the brain areas for language

Answer 10

• Early plasticity with later permanence (means easier for kids to learn multiple languages then adults)
  ○ Plasticity refers to ability of brain to change in response to internal/external environment
  
  • Found in left hemispheres
• Involved in expression + comprehension, as well as language
• 2 main areas- brocas area + wernicke area

Question 11

describe brocas area

Answer 11

§ Speaking
§ Left frontal lobe
§ Speech ungrammatical but meaningful
- Speaking a heard word: Goes from ear to auditory cortex to Wernicke’s area, to brocas area, to motor cortex

Question 12

describe wernicke area

Answer 12

§ Comprehension
§ Junction of all lobes (minus frontal)
§ Grammatical but not meaningful
- Speaking a written word: read with eyes, goes to visual cortex, goes to Wernicke’s area, goes to brocas area, goes to motor cortex

Question 13

explain aphasia and the 2 different types

Answer 13

aphasia- caused by cortical damage
2 types
- receptive aphasia, damage to Wernicke’s, no comprehension
- expressive aphasia, goes to brocas area, goes to motor cortex

Question 14

explain cerebral lateralisation

Answer 14

• Not fixed, has plasticity
  
  • Left hemisphere is dominant for language + motor control, logical + analytical thinking
    
    • Right hemisphere dominant for music, spatial, artistic tasks, creative

Question 15

what is the result of aging

Answer 15

• Loss of neurons
  
  • Diminished capacity for sending nerve impulses to + from brain
  • Diminished ability to process info.
  • Decreased conduction velocity
  • Slowing voluntary motor movements
  • Increased reflex time
  • Degenerative change sin vision, hearing, sight, taste etc.
    
    • 40% of neurons die off when you are born