L19 - 21 Infection control Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are the differences between sterilization and disinfection?
Sterilization: Destruction and removal of all micro-organisms and spores;
Disinfection: Destruction and removal of nearly all micro-organisms, but not highly resistant bacterial spores
What are the differences between disinfectant and antiseptic?
Disinfectant: substance applied to an inanimate object to prevent the growth of micro-organisms
Antiseptic: substance applied to living tissue to prevent the growth of micro-organisms
Chain of transmission: infection agent > reservoir > portal of exit > mode/route of transmission> portal of entry ? host
How can this chin be broken in hospitals?
- Standard precautions
2. Transmission based precaustions
What are standard precautions?
- Universal assumption that patients harhour blood borne diseases (e.g. HBV, HCV, HIV)
- Applied to all patients, at all times, regardless of diagnosis or infection status
What is teh most important element of infection control?
Hand hygiene
What are the 5 momements of hand hygiene at point of care?
- Before touching a patient
- Before performing clean/aseptic procedures
- After touching body fluid or when there is exposure risk
- After touching the patient
- After touching the patient’s surrounding
Alcoholic hand rub can be used when? A. hands are visibly soiled B. against C. difficile C. against bacterial spores D. against eveloped virus E. 2 formulas are suggested by WHO
D and E are correct
A: cannot because it is inactivated by dirt/organic material
Which of the following are ket factors of effective handwashing?
A. use ordinary soap/ antiseptic soap (4% chlorhexidine)
B. Duration should be at least 40s-60s for handwashing, 20-30s for hand rub
C. All parts of the hand should be involved
D. Rubbing to create friction
E. Thorough rinsing and drying
All of the above
What is PPE? Function?
Personal protective equipment
- to protect the mucous membranes, airway, skin and clothing from contact with infectious agents
When is PPE use indicated?
A. Contact of contaminated items
B. Contact of mucous membranes
C. Handling bodily fluid and risk of splashing
All of the above
Size of droplet nuclei?
<5 um in diameter
Principle of removing PPE?
Most contaminated item removed first, perform hand hygiene when hands are contaminated
Patient with Hand Foot Mouth disease (HFMD). What infection control precautions should be done?
Standard precautions and contact precautions
same for patients with scabies, MRSA
- gloves, protective gowns
- isolation room placment, cohort nursing
Patient with C.difficile infection. What infection control precautions should be done?
Standard precautions and contact precautions
- gloves, protective gowns
- isolation room placment, cohort nursing
Ptient with influenza A. What infection control precautions should be done?
Standard precautions and droplet precautions
same for Pertuissis
- surgical mask
- social distancing (1m apart)
- negative pressure isolation not necessary
- Patient wears surgical mask during transport
What does it mean by droplet transmission?
= by droplet > 5um in diameter that falls by gravity within 1m
What does it mean by airborne transmission?
By particles <5um in diameter that can travel over 3m = droplet nuclei
Patient with measles. What infection control precautions should be done?
Standard precautions and airborne precautions
- N95 mask
- Patient wears surgical mask during transport
- Negative pressure isolation room
(same for TB)
Patient with chickenpox/ VZV. What infection control precautions should be done?
Standard precautions and airborne precautions
- N95 mask
- Patient wears surgical mask during transport
- Negative pressure isolation room
What protective measures are given to patients highly susceptible to infection, e.g. leukemia, bone marrow transplant?
Protective isolation: positive pressure isolation room
For vector borne Dengue fever and Faecal-oral cholera, what can be done?
Standard precautions only
- Precautions not possible/practical in hospital: sexual contact, e.g. HIV and gonorrhea; vertical: syphillis..
Management after needle stick injury (NSI) ? (4)
- Immediate care: clean wound with soap and water, encourage minor wound to bleed freely
- Report and seek medical consultation
- Take blood from victim + source: HBV for immunity status, HCV, HIV antibodies
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (if indicated): HBV vaccine, HBIG, combination antiretroviral x4/52
Level of decontamination required is based on Spaulding classification: FDA device classes are 1. non-critical, 2. semi-critical and 3. cirtical.
State the level of body contact, an example and disinfection requirement for them respectively.
- Non-critical
- intact skin
- stethoscope
- low level disinfection - Semi-critical
- mucous membrane
- endoscope
- high level disinfection - Critical
- sterile body cavity
- Laparoscope
- sterilization required
Sterilization can be done by physical or chemical methods.
Give examples of physical method. (3)
- Heat sterilization
- Autoclaving
- Dry heat - Radiation
- ionising (pharmaceuticals) ot non-ionising (for syringes)
