L2

Question 1

what type of mutation do oncogenes typically have

Answer 1

gain of function

Question 2

proto-oncogenes

Answer 2

naturally occurring genes in our body that are highly regulated and are used during development and tissue repair

Question 3

diagnosis vs prognosis

Answer 3

o Diagnosis = what the disease is
o Prognosis = how it will develop over time
 Predicting how well the patient will do with treatment options

Question 4

how many stages of cancer are there

Answer 4

stages 0-4

5 stages total

Question 5

what are the stages of cancer based on

Answer 5

 Size of tumor
 Location and spread of tumor
 Weight, sex, M/F

Question 6

patients with non-metastatic tumours have lower levels of what protein

Answer 6

Myc

Question 7

how can Myc help us predict patient prognosis

Answer 7

• based on a patients MYC level, you can estimate whether their tumor will be metastatic
• Patients with low MYC Level tend to live longer (metastasis-free survival probability)

Question 8

3 things markers can be predictive of

Answer 8

drug sensitivity
resistance
adverse events

Question 9

is one oncogene activation sufficient to cause cancer

Answer 9

typically no - we have safety measures built in

Question 10

how many oncogene activations needed in humans and mice to cause cancer

Answer 10

mice -2

humans -4

Question 11

does MYC up regulate or repress genes

Answer 11

can do either

Question 12

overall affect of MYC

Answer 12

cell growth and proliferation - potentiates apoptosis

Question 13

2 types of molecules that regulate apoptosis

Answer 13

Pro-apoptotic molecules

Anti-apoptotic molecules

Question 14

examples of anti-apoptotic molecules

Answer 14

MCL-1, BCL-1

Question 15

examples of pro-apoptotic molecules

Answer 15

BAX-BAK, BH3 only proteins

Question 16

how do BAX and BAK promote apoptosis

Answer 16

create a pore in mitochondrial membrane - allow for cytochrome C release

Question 17

what does cytochrome C do once released into cytoplasm

Answer 17

activates caspases

Question 18

Why is BCL-2 robust

Answer 18

if you have a high level of BCL-2, you won’t have apoptosis

Question 19

is BCL-2 an oncogene

Answer 19

yes because lots of B-cell lymphomas have BCL-2 over expression

Question 20

what do you see if you overexposes Myc in REF

Answer 20

little white circles - cells dying due to apoptosis

Question 21

what happens if you overexposes Myc in primary cells, and what does this indicate

Answer 21

cells have trouble growing because a lot of them die

this indicates that Myc alone cant cause tutors

Question 22

what molecule does Myc cooperate well with

Answer 22

BCL2

Question 23

transgenic mice that express Myc alone - result

Answer 23

you might get other spontaneous mutations that help out myc and eventually youll get tumor

Question 24

transgenic mice expressing Myc and BCL-2 together

Answer 24

right away they get cancer and die

Question 25

how do BCL-2 and Myc overexpresssion transform cells

Answer 25

probably self sufficiency in growth signals

Question 26

is ras an oncogene

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

what happens if you activate ras in primary cells

Answer 27

senescence

Question 28

what happens if you put Myc and Ras together in a mouse (breast tissue)

Answer 28

promoter called mmtb and only active in breast tissue - you get cancer

Question 29

Myc alone takes how many days for mice to get cancer

Answer 29

100

Question 30

ras alone takes how many days for mice to get cancer

Answer 30

40

Question 31

Myc + ras in mice

Answer 31

majority of mice get cnacer

Question 32

what do you see in vitro when you overexposes Ras

Answer 32

no more contact inhibition - transformed cells

Question 33

oncogene defnition

Answer 33

any gene that, when altered in expression pattern or function, contributes to the transformed state of the cell

Question 34

oncogene mechanism of action

Answer 34

DOMINANT