1. authority 2. human resources 3. skills and knowledge 4. intangible factors 5. material resources 6. sanctions 7. legitimacy

L2 Flashcards by Marinella Francisco

The origin of the words
“politics” and “science”

” The Latin word Politicus comes “from Greek politikos”

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polis,
which means the

city state. (athens or sparta)

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he defined
politics as the study of the affairs of the
city-state (polis).

aristotle

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He
once said, “men by nature are political
animals.”

aristotle

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puts upon men the task of
acquiring and exercising power and
influence with the purest of motives
and with respect for responsibility since
men inevitably and naturally possess
them.

Aristotle

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defines politics as a struggle
for power among groups whose aim is
to control the state.

bernard crick

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He explained that
politics is simply the activity by which
differing interests within a given unit
of rule are conciliated by giving them
a share in power in proportion to their
importance to the welfare and survival
of the community.

bernard crick

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describes politics as the process by
which communities pursue collective
goals and deal with their conflicts
authoritatively by means of
government.

Michael Sodaro
(pilitics as a conflict resolution)

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identifies politics as the study of
compromise. It is the art of deciding
who gets what, when and how as
characterized by Harold Lasswell.

Former Senator Ernesto Maceda
(politics as compromise)

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he said that politics
is saying No to what is bad for the
society.

Former Senate President
Jovito Salonga

Politics as a
pursuit for the
greater good

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Refers to the ability or the right to do
something; the ability to exercise authority over
others

Power

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bases of social power

expert
referent
reward
legitimate
coercive

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power” comes
from the

Latin verb potere meaning “to be able”

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– based on the perception that the leader possesses some special
knowledge or expertise;

Expert Power

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– based on the follower’s liking, admiring, or identifying with
the leader;

Referent Power

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– based on the leader’s capacity to mediate rewards for the
follower;

Reward Power

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– based on the follower’s perception that the leader has the
legitimate right or authority to exercise influence over him or her;

❖Legitimate Power

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sources of power

authority
human resources
skills and knowledge
intangible factors
material resources
sanctions
legitimacy

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– based on the follower’s fear that non-compliance with
leader’s wishes will lead to punishment.

Coercive Power

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sources of power in the ph

VOTING POLITICAL
COUNSELLING
PATRONAGE
MOLDING OF
PUBLIC OPINION

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is a set of pre determined beliefs that a group of people or
political party adheres to.

political ideology

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is a system of ideas or
convictions held by a person or group.

ideology

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serves as a veil for battle of dominance, which is
true substance of politics.

Ideology

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Ideology or the science of ideas was first used by French
Aristocrat and philosopher

Antoine Louis Claude Destutt,
Comte de Tracy

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prioritizes tradition, stability, and a limited role for government intervention.

2 CONSERVATISM is a political ideology that prioritizes tradition, stability, and a limited role for government intervention.

politcal ideology

liberalism conservatism socialism fascism marxism anarchism

is a political ideology centered around principles of individual freedom, equality, and the protection of civil liberties.

LIBERALISM

is a political ideology advocating for collective ownership and control of the means of production, with an aim to achieve greater economic equality and social justice

Socialism

is a political ideology characterized by authoritarianism, nationalism, and the suppression of dissent

Fascism

is a political and economic ideology based on the theories of Karl Marx, advocating for the abolition of private property and class struggle.

Marxism

is a political ideology advocating for the abolition of all forms of coercive authority, including government, and promoting voluntary cooperation.

Anarchism

Focus on power distribution and usage, with some parties adhering to strong principles while others may draw ideas from similar concepts without official adoption

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES

defined It is generally understood to encompass the systematic study of the state and its government.

Political Science

“Father of Political Science.”

aristotle

As a branch of modern learning, political science has undergone three chronological and overlapping stages of development as follows:

religious state metaphysical stage MODERN STAGE

the government with its leaders and laws was considered as divine or divinely spirited.

RELIGIOUS STAGE

* during this stage, the state was considered as a human institution, but it was almost worshipped as a perfect institution. This stage began with the ancient Greeks.

METAPHYSICAL STAGE

This stage began during the prehistoric era and continued as long as the divine right of kings was supported (18th century)

religious stage

they thought that the state was the means to develop the highest potential of the individual.

* Aristotle and Plato

the state was still considered as a human institution but it was deemed capable of being improved by rulers and subjects according to certain principles and laws

modern stage

"Father of Modern Politics

Niccolo Machiavelli

Studying politics concentrates on an essentially legal/formal description of government. It contemplates the use of history, chronology and development of government structures and institutions as basis of study

Traditional/Historical Approach

Muses on how individuals behave within political institutions and how behavior influences policy-making. This approach concerns mainly on the scientific method through the use of methodology, variables and hypotheses in theorizing political phenomena.

Scientific/Behavioral Approach

Contemplates the identification of all critical structures and processes of society, explaining their interrelationships with politics, and predict a wide array of governmental outcomes. It regards the study of politics as a commitment to explore and attempt to understand a given segment of empirical reality.

General Theory Approach

Espouses David Easton’s comprehensive systems model depicted by the interaction between the societal environment and an abstract political system which processes and converts demands and supports into outputs, producing an overall stability. The approach entails the search for cyclical processes that govern political structures.

Systems Approach

The essence of this approach is that it specifies the activities of a viable political system and explains how these functions must be performed to maintain the stability of the political system. *

* Structural-Functional Approach

It focuses with the relationship between government and economics. It highlights the role of government concerning regulation, support or intervention in economic and social affairs

Political Economy Approach

Fields of Modern Political Science

1. PoliticalTheory/Political Philosophy 2. Governments 3. Public Administration 4. Public policy 5. International Relations

– is a record of past events and movements, their causes and interrelations. Much of the raw material of political science is supplied by history. From the data of history, political scientist selects and coordinates facts with a view to their special significance in explaining the nature of the state. T

Political Science and History

he says: “Political science without history is hollow and baseless: or to put in in a rhyme: history without political science has no fruit and political science without history has no root

Professor Seeley

it is obviously by the fact that economic policies often require state action for their fulfillment and less obviously, because political action is affected to an important, though undetermined, degrees by economic factor.

Political Science and Economics

– The development of the study of psychology has been going on along with its increasing usefulness in the solution of many problems of the state. Psychology has been rendering invaluable aid to the government in the management of the affairs of the stage.

Political Science and Psychology

– Political science is a specialized social science dealing with man as a political animal, which is one part of his total social life. (Gettell, Political Science, p.12) Whereas, sociology as a general science deals with the social aggregate and attempts to discover the facts and laws of social life as a whole.

Political Science and Sociology

– Anthropology, dealing with the study of the physical character of man, his historical and geographical distribution, his racial division, his environmental and social relations and his cultural development, contributes valuable material to the study of political science. (Gettell, p. 11)

Political Science and Anthropology

– The concepts and doctrines about the state are important to the specialist in academic philosophy and political scientist. The concepts are the underlying forces in the framing of constitutions and laws

Political Science and Philosophy and Ethics

– strategic frontiers, population pressure, colonial expression, sphere of influence and source of raw materials are fundamentals concern of political scientist and geographers.

Political Science and Geography

- To maintain a full understanding of the facts of political life, the political scientist has to combine legal with the extra-legal viewpoints. A Comprehension of the nature of law (and of statutes, enacted by the legislature) is indispensable to the political theorist. Law and state are inseparable

Political Science and Law and Jurisprudence

– The political theories must possess a broad scientific background and a knowledge of current political problems, and he must employ scientific method in gathering and evaluating data in drawing conclusions. This involves the proper application of statistical phenomena and of logical procedures for the analysis of reasoning.

Political Science and Statistics and Logic

involves acting in the best interests of an organization, improving performance, stability, productivity and growth.

Good governance

Involves a leader exercising political power for the benefit of their subjects, defining decision making power, participants participation and financial management.

governance

It is an agency wherein the will of the people is formulated, carried out and expressed

GOVERNMENT

It is a system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.

government

Exercise political, economic and administrative authority to manage nations affairs

governance

Process of Decision Making and the process by which decisions are implemented.

governance

3 legs of governance

economic governance administrative governanace political governance

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

1. participation 2. rule of law 3. transparency 4. resposiveness 5. consensus orientation 6. equity and inclusiveness 7. effectiveness and efficiency 8. accountability