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PHYSIOLOGY > L2 BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS > Flashcards

L2 BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the body fluid compartments?

What structure separates these compartments?

A
  1. Intra-cellular fluid (ICF)
  2. Extra-cellular fluid (ECF)

Cell membrane separates them.

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2
Q

What are the components of the extracellular fluid ?

What structure separates the components?

A
  1. Interstitial fluid
  2. Plasma fluid
    3.Transcellular fluid (<1%)
    Capillary wall separates them.
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3
Q

Where is transcellular fluid found?

A

This compartment includes fluid in the synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular spaces, as well as the cerebrospinal fluid.

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4
Q

Percentage of total body weight in Extracellular fluid?

A

20%

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5
Q

What fraction of total body water is Extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

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6
Q

Percentage of total body weight in Intracellular fluid?

A

40%

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7
Q

Fraction of total body water in Intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

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8
Q

Fraction of ECF is interstitial fluid?

A

3/4

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9
Q

What fraction of ECF is plasma fluid?

A

1/4

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10
Q

What is the name of the principle used to measure fluid compartments?

A

Indicator Dilution Principle

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11
Q

The measurement of fluid compartments utilizes what formula?

A

πΆπ‘œπ‘›π‘π‘’π‘›π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘Žπ‘‘π‘–π‘œπ‘› =

Amount (Mass) / π‘‰π‘œπ‘™π‘’π‘šπ‘’ of Distribution

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12
Q

Describe the principle used to measure fluid compartments?

A

It requires the introduction of a substance, of known conc. & amount (mass) into a particular compartment, allowing it to disperse evenly throughout the compartment’s fluid, and then analysing the extent to which the substance becomes diluted so as to calculate the volume of the other fluid compartment.

Total mass of a substance after dispersion in the fluid compartment will be the same as the total mass injected into the compartment.

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13
Q

Desirable characteristics of a substance used to measure fluid compartments?
(5)

A
  1. Measurable
  2. Remains in compartment (loss & metabolized)
  3. Evenly distributed within the compartment
  4. Does not alter water distribution
  5. Non-toxic
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14
Q

What substances can be used in the calculation of Total Body Water?

A 
Deuterated water (D2O), tritiated water (THO), and 
antipyrine
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15
Q

What substances can be used in the calculation of Extracellular Fluid Volume (ECFV)?

A

Labeled inulin, sucrose and mannitol

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16
Q

What substances can be used in the calculation of Plasma Volume (PV)?

A

Radiolabeled albumin or Evans Blue Dye (which binds to albumin)

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17
Q

Formula to calculate Intracellular Fluid Volume (ICFV)?

A

Total body water – Extra cellular fluid volume

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18
Q

Formula to calculate Interstitial Fluid Volume (ISFV)?

A

Extracellular volume – Plasma volume

19
Q

What are Starling’s forces?

A

Starling’s forces are the forces that act upon the fluid in the capillaries.

20
Q

What are the components of extracellular fluid?

A

the major cation of the ECF is Na+

the major anions are Cl- and HCO3-

21
Q

What are the components of intracellular fluid?

A

The major cation of ICF is K+

the major anions are phosphates, organic anions
and negatively charged proteins.

22
Q

What is Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)?

A

Force that pushes fluid out of capillaries

23
Q

What is Osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration (Ο€if)?
(interstitial oncotic pressure)

A

Force that draws fluid out of capillary and into interstitial

24
Q

What is Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif)?

A

Force that pushes fluid into capillary

25
Q

What is Osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (Ο€p)?
(capillary oncotic pressure)

A

Force that pulls fluid into capillary

26
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Force generated by pressure of fluid on capillary walls either by blood plasma or interstitial fluid.

Generated by pumping action of heart

Promotes ultrafiltration from capillary

27
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Derived from non-diffusible proteins

28
Q

What are three causes of odema?

A

Hydrostatic pressure changes
Oncotic pressure changes
Capillary membrane changes

29
Q

What do hydrostatic pressure changes result in?

A

Increased arterial pressure

venous blockage/stasis
lymph node enlargement
lymphatic blockage, e.g. filariasis

30
Q

What do oncotic pressure changes result in?

A

plasma protein changes

nephritis
malnutrition (kwashiokor)
hepatic damage

31
Q

What do capillary membrane changes result in?

A

Histamine increases permeability of membrane, more fluid leaving capillary and going into interstitial

32
Q

What is Water Steady State?

A

The amount of water coming into the body each day must equal the amount of water eliminated from
the body over the same period of time.

33
Q

What are sources of water?

A

Water Drinking
Water contained in Food
Metabolism = CO2 and H2O

34
Q

What are the means by which water is lost?

A 
Urinary loss/ Fecal loss.
Insensible H2O loss. 
Evaporation from the respiratory tract and the skin 
surface 
Sweat Losses
35
Q

Symptoms of Mild Dehydration

<5% BW

A 
Thirst
Loss of Appetite
Dry Skin
Skin Flushing
Dark Colored Urine
Dry Mouth
Fatigue or Weakness
Chills
Head Rushes
36
Q

Symptoms of Moderate or Severe Dehydration

A 
Increased heart rate
Increased respiration
Decreased sweating
Decreased urination
Increased body temperature
Extreme fatigue
Muscle cramps
Headaches
Nausea
Tingling of the limbs
37
Q

What are Darrow-Yannet Diagrams used for?

A

Used to give a simple assessment of volume and
osmolality status of body.

How the volume of fluid in the ECF and ICF are affected in various situations

38
Q

Steps to using Darrow-Yannet Diagram

A
  1. Determine the change in ECF volume
  2. Determine the change in ECF osmolarity
  3. Consider the shift in water across the cell membrane via osmosis
  4. Determine the change in ICF volume
39
Q

Describe Iso-osmotic dehydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

A

Loss of equal amount of water and solutes. This results in a decreases of volume in ECF & No change in osmolarity or ICF volume.

40
Q

Describe Iso-osmotic over hydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

A

Gain of equal amount of water and solutes. This results in an increase of volume in ECF & No change in osmolarity or ICF volume.

41
Q

Describe Hyper-osmotic dehydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

Loss of hypotonic

A

Loss of more water than solute. This results in an decrease of volume in ECF & osmolarity increases and ICF volume decreases.

42
Q

Describe hypo-osmotic overhydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

Gain of hypotonic fluid

A

Gain of more water than solute. This results in an increase of volume in ECF & osmolarity decreases and ICF volume increases.

43
Q

Describe hypo-osmotic dehydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

Loss of hypertonic fluid

A

Loss of more solute than water. This results in a decrease of volume in ECF. Osmolarity decreases and ICF volume increases.

44
Q

Describe hyper-osmotic overhydration in terms of Darrow-Yannet Diagram

Gain of hypertonic

A

Gain more solute than water. This results in an increase of volume in ECF. Osmolarity increases and ICF volume decreases.

PHYSIOLOGY (4 decks)

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