L2 - Epithelia Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Cytosol
A
Liquid of cytoplasm
2
Q
Metastasis
A
Spread
3
Q
Goblet cell
A
Modified columnar cell that fills up with mucus (creating a bulge) and aids lubrication of material that passes across the apical surface
4
Q
Keratin
A
Tough, fibrous, intracellular protein that helps protect skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals
5
Q
Epithelia key functions
A
- selective barriers (limit/aid transfer)
- secretory (onto surfaces/into ducts)
- protective (especially from abrasion)
6
Q
Microfilaments function
A
- alters cell shape
- strength
- muscle contraction
- bundles beneath cell membrane/cytoplasm
- links cytoplasm to membrane
- tie cells together
7
Q
Intermediate filament function
A
- strength
- transport materials through cytoplasm
8
Q
Tight junction locations in body
A
Stomach, intestine, bladder
9
Q
Desmosome junction location
A
Skin epithelium, cardiac cells of heart (to prevent pulling apart) - binds muscle cells
10
Q
Gap junction locations
A
Heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, uterus
11
Q
Tight junction composition
A
Sealing strands of transmembrane proteins join cytoskeleton of adjacent cells
12
Q
Desmosome keratin
A
Keratin spans from one desmosome to another on other side of cell - structural integrity
13
Q
Gap junction connection
A
Direct connection between cells
14
Q
Tight function features
A
- electrochemically tight (no ions)
- keeps cell polarity (migration of proteins between apical and basal surfaces prevented)
- sealed passageways between adjacent cells (no leaking contents)
15
Q
Adherens junction features
A
- prevents cell separation from tension forces in contractions
16
Q
Desmosome junction features
A
- resist shearing forces
17
Q
Gap junction features
A
- communication (chemical/electrical signals, nerve/muscle impulses)
- molecule transportation (ions, NAD, ATP, small parts of DNA, RNA)
- some waste/nutrient transfer (in eye lens/cornea)
18
Q
Hemidesmosome junction features
A
- stops cells from sliding around
19
Q
Junctional complex
A
Combo of tight, adherens, desmosome
20
Q
Basal lamina composition
A
Collagen, laminin, other proteoglycans, glycoproteins
21
Q
Reticular lamina composition
A
Fibronectin, collagen
22
Q
Basement membrane functions
A
1) support epithelium
2) provide surface for epithelial cells to migrate during growth and wound healing
3) act as physical barrier (restricts larger molecules to pass/invasion by melanoma)
4) participates in filtration of substances in kidney
23
Q
Covering/lining epithelia composition
A
Often have secretory cells scattered in them
24
Q
Outer covering examples
A
Skin, some internal organs
25
Inner lining examples
Blood vessels, ducts, body cavities, interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems
26
Simple. Function
Diffusion/osmosis, secretion, absorption, filtration
27
Stratified. Function
Protective, (limited secretion and absorption)
28
Pseudo-stratified function
Secretion, (absorption, protection)
29
Squamous function
Diffusion
30
Cuboidal function
Secretion, absorption
31
Columnar function
Secretion, absorption
32
Transitional shape change
Stratified: cuboidal to squamous
33
Simple squamous features
Most delicate
34
Simple squamous functions
Filtration, diffusion, secretion
35
Simple squamous subtypes
Mesothelium, endothelium
36
Mesothelium locations
- Serous membrane: Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal (abdominal)
- bowman’s capsule in kidneys
37
Endothelium locations
Insides of heart, lumen of blood and lymphatic vessels, alveoli, glomerulus of kidney
38
Simple cuboidal function
Secretion, absorption
39
Simple cuboidal locations
Pancreas ducts, parts of kidney tubules, smaller ducts of many glands, secretory chambers of thyroid, anterior surface of lens, pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina, secretory part of some glands like thyroid
40
Simple columnar features
- more cytoplasm thus more organelles
| - more metabolically active than squamous
41
Simple columnar subtypes
Ciliated, non-ciliated
42
Non-ciliated simple columnar locations
Gut mucosa from stomach to anus, ducts of glands, gallbladder
43
Non-ciliated simple columnar features
Microvilli, goblet cells
44
Non-ciliated simple columnar function
Secretion, lubrication, absorption
45
Ciliated simple columnar locations
Some bronchioles, uterine Fallopian tubes, some paranasal sinuses, central canal of spinal cord, ventricles of brain
46
Ciliated simple columnar features
Goblet cells
47
Ciliated simple columnar function
Move things along
48
Stratified squamous appearance
Cells of lower layers could be cuboidal/columnar but the top layer has squamous cells
49
Stratified squamous location (general)
areas with severe mechanical/chemical stress
- some apical cells are packed with keratin in these areas (+ with dehydration issues) to provide tough/waterproof surface
50
Stratified squamous features
Cells furthest from nutrition (squamous) are thinner, and less metabolically active
51
Stratified squamous subtypes
Keratinised, non-keratinised
52
Keratinised stratified squamous location
Skin
53
Keratinised stratified squamous function
Protection from abrasion, UV, water loss, microbes, require secretion from glands
54
Non-keratinised stratified squamous functions
Protection from abrasion, UV, water loss, microbes, require secretion from glands
55
Non-keratinised stratified squamous locations
Mouth, throat, tongue, oesophagus, anus, vagina, part of pharynx/epiglottis
56
Stratified cuboidal locations
Ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands, male urethra
57
Stratified cuboidal function
Protection, limited secretion and absorption
58
Stratified columnar appearance
Basal layers in stratified columnar epithelium usually consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only apical layer has columnar cells
59
Stratified columnar locations
Part of urethra, some large gland ducts (oesophageal glands), anal mucosal membrane, part of conjunctiva of the eye
60
Stratified columnar function
Protection, secretion
61
Stratified transitional example + function
Bladder (some parts of ureter/urethra)
- Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
62
Pseudo-stratified columnar subtypes
Ciliated, non-ciliated
63
Ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar location
Most upper airways
64
Ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar features
Cilia on some cells, mucus secreted/moved by goblet cells
65
Non-ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar locations
Larger ducts of glands, epididymis, part of male urethra
66
Non-ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar features
No cilia, no goblet cells
67
Non-ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar function
Absorption, protection
68
Glandular epithelia function
Secretion
69
Endocrine glandular epithelia secretion pathway
Directly into blood usually via traversing interstitial fluid
70
Endocrine glandular epithelia examples
All parts of endocrine system
71
Endocrine glandular epithelia effect
Generally distant, strong effects (distributed by bloodstream)
72
Exocrine glandular epithelia secretion pathway
Secrete into ducts that empty onto surfaces of covering/lining epithelium
73
Exocrine glandular epithelia examples
Sweat/salivary glands (empty into mouth cavity), oil glands, wax glands, pancreas (empty into small intestines)
74
Exocrine glandular epithelia effect
Generally local effects
75
Singular gland cells
Mucous cells
76
Apical cytoplasm of mucous cells
Filled with large secretory vesicles
77
Simple tubular examples
Intestinal glands
78
Simple coiled tubular examples
Merocrine sweat glands
79
Simple branched tubular examples
Gastric glands, mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum
80
Simple alveolar examples
Stage in the embryonic development of simple branched glands
81
Simple branched alveolar examples
Sebaceous (oil) glands
82
Compound tubular examples
Mucous glands (in mouth), bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system), seminiferous tubules of testes
83
Compound alveolar examples
Mammary glands
84
Compound tubuloalveolar examples
Salivary glands, glands of respiratory passages, pancreas
85
Epithelia features (general)
- contains nerves
| - avascular (nutrient/waste exchange by diffusion from vessels in connective tissue)
86
Serous membrane/serosa
Outer lining of organs and body cavities of the abdomen and chest
87
Stratified transitional appearance
Variable appearance based on tissue’s state of stretch
- not stretched = stratified cuboidal
- stretched = flat/squamous
- relaxed = outer layer has large, rounded scallop shape
