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MICR > L2 Immunity and immune systems > Flashcards

L2 Immunity and immune systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Vaccinations

A

Stimulating immune responses against microbes through vaccination

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2
Q

Immunity meaning

A

all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental agents that are foreign to the body

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3
Q

Immune system must differentiate between individual’s own cells and what?

A

other molecules

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4
Q

What mediates the protective immunity against microbes

A

Protective immunity against microbes is mediated by the early reactions of innate immunity and the later responses of adaptive immunity

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5
Q

Cellular components of the innate immune system

A

epithelial barriers and leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells)

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity is specific and increased by repeated exposures to antigen (immunologic memory)

A
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7
Q

A memory cell is an antigen-specific…

A

B or T lymphocyte that doesn’t differentiate into effector cells during primary immune response, but does immediately become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

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8
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by ____ and cell- mediated immunity is mediated by ___

A

Antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes and their products (e.g., cytokines)

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9
Q

Functions of the immune response

A

Immune recognition
Immune effector functions
Immune regulation
Immunological memory

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10
Q

Immunological recognition:

A

presence of an infection must be detected (by the innate and adaptive
immune systems)

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11
Q

Immune regulation

A

Limits damage to the host bu immune response to antigen (molecule capable
of inducing an immune response).

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12
Q

Failure of immune regulation

A

contributes to disease states including allergy and autoimmune disease (self-destroying)

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13
Q

Immunological memory

A

exposure to an infectious agent produces an immune response that can persist, and protect the host in a subsequent exposure

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14
Q

Direct mechanism of tissue damage by pathogens

A
  • Exotoxin production
  • Endotoxins
  • direct cytopathic effect
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15
Q

Indirect mechanism of tissue damage by pathogens

A
  • Immune complexes
  • Anti-host antibodies
  • Cell mediated Immunity
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16
Q

Whats in common? Interstitial spaces, blood, lymph

A

Extracellular

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17
Q

Whats in common? Cytoplasmic and vesicular

A

Intracellular

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18
Q

Defence is mediated by coordinated responses of what two immunities

A

Innate and adaptive

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19
Q

Innate meaning

A

Natural; recognised by preformed non specific effectors

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20
Q

Adaptive meaning

A

Specific; Stimulated by exposure to pathogens, capable of adapting magnitude and defense capabilities.

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21
Q

What immunity from 0-12 hours after infection

A

Innate

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22
Q

What immunity from 1> days

A

Adaptive

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23
Q

Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells:

A
  • Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) give rise to red and white blood cells
  • First division: myeloid/erythroid vs lymphoid potential, then cells with progressively more limited potential
  • Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins affect differentiation and maturation
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24
Q

Immune responses are mediated by a variety of cells: name 2

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

Both differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells

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25
Myeloid lineage – first responders?
* Macrophages * Neutrophils * Basophils * Dendritic Cells * Eosinophils * Mast cells
26
Macrophage
* Phagocytosis and activation of bacterialcidal mech. * APC * Cytokine production
27
Neutrophil
* Phagocytosis and activation of bacterialcidal mech.
28
Basophil
* Promotes allergic repsonse * Augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity
29
Dendritic cell functoin
* Antigen uptake in peripherals * APCs * Cytokine production
30
Eosinophils
Kill antibody coated parasites
31
Mast cell
Release granules contraining histamine and active agents
32
Lymphoid lineage
* Adaptive immune response * B/T cells, natural killers and innate lymphoid cells * B/T cells differ by surface proteins (cluster of differentiation)
33
Humoral immunity
where antibodies prevent infection and eliminate extracellular microbes * B-lymphocytes | Adaptive
34
Cell-mediated immunity
* Phagocytosed in macrophage and helper-t-cells + cytokines to kill ingested microbe * Intracellular microbe in infected cell > Cytotoxic CD8+ kill cell and eliminate reservoirs of infection | Adaptive
35
Diversity in B/T cells
B and T cells populations express antigen-specific receptor and use very large stock of specific antigen receptors
36
Specificity
All antigen-specific receptors on an **individual** cell’s surface are identical in structure, therefore, are identical in their specificity.
37
B/T clones
When a particular B or T cell divides all of this progeny (decendants) will be identical
38
Memory from specificity
Specificity of response allows generation of immunological memory - this can be artificially induced by vaccines
39
Finish this Naive -> effector -> ?
memory
40
Contraction and homeostasis in immune repsonse
Prevents host injury during response to foreign antigen
41
Properties of adaptive immune response
1. Antigen exposure (Recog) 2. APCs to naive cells (Recog) 3. Clonal expansion (Lymfo act) 4. Differentiation (Lymfo act) 5. Antibodies and effector Tcells (Elimin) 6. Apoptosis (Contraction) 7. Memory cells (Memory)
42
The secondary immune response
Re-exposure to previously recognised antigen reactivates memory cells, which rapidly control replication of the pathogen
43
Vaccine Aim
The aim of vaccination is to induce memory cells to the pathogen of interest, which can be reactivated when the host encounters that pathogen
44
Lymphoid lineage – B cells
*  Each B cell expresses a B cell receptor (BCR) – membrane bound immunoglobulin – with a unique specificity (identical antigen binding sites) *  Activated B cells can act as professional antigen presenting cells (APC) (present antigen and co-stimulatory molecules to T cells) *  Effector B cells are called plasma cells – antibodies-producing cells
45
Effector bcells are also called
Plasma cells
46
BCRs are
Membrane bound immunoglobins
47
# Each T cell expresses a T cell receptor (TCR) Lymphoid lineage – T cells
– recognises only processed pieces of antigens bound to cell membrane proteins – Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
48
Red and white blood cells arise from where
stem cells in the bone marrow
49
2 primary lymphoid organs
B cells in the **bone marrow** and T cells in the **thymus**
50
secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa
51
Pri and secondary lymph organs and cells
* Lymphocytes differentiate in central lymphoid organs – B cells-bone marrow and T cells - thymus * These cells encounter antigens and initiate an immune response in secondary lymphoid organs and tissues | – lymph nodes, spleen and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa
52
Haematopoiesis stem cells
originate in **foetal tissues** and, in adults, reside primarily in the bone marrow of the axial skeleton (cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and ilium)
53
Bone marrow function
production of blood cells, maintenance of HSCs, and modulation of skeletal remodelling
54
Haematopoiesis characteristics
* self-renewal * pluripotency There are multiple subpopulations of HSCs, with varied quiescent state and self-renew capacity
55
Thymus and thymocytes
* Thymocytes develop in the bone marrow mature in the thymus, and become T cells * Migrate to peripheral lymph organ for activation
56
# look at this In humans atrophy begins at puberty and continues throughout life - likely that T cell generation within thymus does continue into adult life, at a much lower rate
look
57
Lymph nodes location and role
Located along lymphatic vessels and are the sites of cellular interactions and extensive immunologic activity
58
Lymph in lymph node
* Lymph enters the lymph node through **afferent** lymphatic vessels * Percolates (filters) through & around follicles, made up of B/T –cell zones in the node. * Leaves through **efferent** lymphatic vessels
59
What happens after APC captures antigen?
Antigen-presenting cells that have captured antigen by phagocytosis migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to T cells that have not yet seen been activated
60
Lymph nodes are rich in what cell?
Lymph nodes also are rich in macrophages, which can remove antigens in the lymphatic fluid by phagocytosis
61
# Secondary Lymph organ Spleen functions
* Traps and responds to blood-bourne antigens * Antigens and lymphocytes carried to spleen via the splenic artery | No not by lymphatic vessels
62
Spleen: red pulp
Sinuses containing macrophages that phagocytose aged/abnormal erythrocytes; recycling iron; and removal of microorganisms from the bloodstream * Like a filtre removing waste from blood
63
Spleen: white pulp
* Lympho tissue around central aterioles * Has B-cell follicles and periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS), which is populated by T cells
64
Which organ can remove encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus and Haemophilus ssp
The spleen is particularly effective at removing encapsulated bacteria.
65
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue includes
MALT includes * Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) * Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) * Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) * SALT – skin-associated lymphoid tissue
66
Immunopathology
autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity
67
Immunopathology examples
* Multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes * Rheumatoid arthritis, allergy, systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease

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