L2 Survival

Question 1

What are the set of problems all animals have to overcome in order to survive?

Answer 1

Acquisition of food and water
Maintenance of water and salt balance
Removal of wastes
Reproduction

Question 2

What four factors correlate with the body design necessary to overcome survival problems?

Answer 2

Environment
Size of animal
Mode of existence
Constraints of the genome

Question 3

What percentage of the earth does the ocean cover?

Answer 3

71%

Question 4

What is the littoral zone?

Answer 4

Area between high and low tide

Question 5

Why do animals need to evolve especially for the littoral zone?

Answer 5

Have to be able to live both submerged and exposed periodically, as well as changing oxygen levels and temperature often

Question 6

What is the progression from shore to deep sea?

Answer 6

littoral zone, continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea, trench, abyssal plane

Question 7

What is the mode of life of an epaulette shark?

Answer 7

Lives on reefs in the littoral zone, so I trapped in pool when the tide goes out. Oxygen levels are lower and temperature is higher. Has evolved walking to move between pool

Question 8

Describe the continental shelf

Answer 8

150-200m, supports corals in the tropics

Question 9

Describe the continental slope

Answer 9

steep slope down to bottom of the sea, up to 5000m

Question 10

Where is the photic zone?

Answer 10

Light reaches down to 200m, organisms here can exist using photosynthesis

Question 11

What happens as you get deeper in the ocean?

Answer 11

Light and temperature decrease, and pressure increases.

Question 12

What do deep sea organisms rely in for food?

Answer 12

Marine snow, which is debris from the surface, and predation

Question 13

How have angler fish adapted to life in the deep sea?

Answer 13

Produces light via bioluminescence, which attracts animals, so they can predate easily

Question 14

How have harp sponges adapted to life in the deep sea?

Answer 14

Most sponges are filter feeders, but there is little food available and so have evolved to grab prey.

Question 15

What is the hadlpelagic zone?

Answer 15

up to 11 000m deep in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, although conditions are severe, animals do live here

Question 16

Define pelagic

Answer 16

Suspended or swimming

Question 17

Define benthic

Answer 17

bottom dweller

Question 18

Define errant

Answer 18

mobile

Question 19

Define sessile

Answer 19

attached

Question 20

Define sedentary

Answer 20

unattached, immobile

Question 21

What are the advantages of living in the sea?

Answer 21

Space, high productivity, constant environment, isometric with body tissues, buoyancy, easy fertilisation and developement, waste as ammonia

Question 22

How does biomass change from the shore to open ocean and why?

Answer 22

decrease, most fish tend to live on the shelf and slope

Question 23

What is the salinity percentage in the sea?

Answer 23

3.4-3.6%

Question 24

what are osmoconformers?

Answer 24

marine organisms that maintain an internal environment that is osmotic to their external environment

Question 25

Which vertebrate species are osmoconformers?

Answer 25

sharks and hagfish

Question 26

How do freshwater environments differ from marine?

Answer 26

Temp is less stable, oxygen levels vary, osmotic regulation is required

Question 27

Why are estuaries often very productive?

Answer 27

Lots of input from the land, so very silty

Question 28

How do smaller animals respire? Where would you find animals like these?

Answer 28

Diffusion of gasses across surface, so no specialised system is required. In damp or aquatic environments as there is increased risk of water loss

Question 29

What does mode of existence mean?

Answer 29

How animals move around, and how, if it does, move

Question 30

What are the features of free moving animals

Answer 30

Generally bilaterally symmetrical, have cephalisation,

Question 31

What are the features of attached/sedentary animals?

Answer 31

generally radially symmetrical, will have an oral/aboral surface

Question 32

What are the constraints of them genome

Answer 32

Limitations are imposed on the genome by ancestral designs that are controlled by an animals genetic makeup