Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

30 cell biology > L21 - the immune system > Flashcards

L21 - the immune system Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the job of the immune system

A

repair damaged tissues
respond to infection
slow cancer growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

secretion of protective substances eg antibodies into body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is cellular immunity

A

cellular response to infection (phagocytes etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list the physical barriers that prevent pathogen entry

A

skin
mucous
mucous membranes (cilia)
scabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List chemical barriers that prevent pathogen entry

A

mucus
stomach acid
lysozymes in tears/saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

briefly describe innate immunity

A

non specific
rapid
responds to infections (non self) & altered self (cancer)
can be humoral/cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the innate immune system promote

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

briefly describe adaptive immunity

A

specific
slower than innate
humoral or cellular
has memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

list the cells involved in the innate immune system

A
  1. macrophages

2. neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe features of macrophages

A

large
highly phagocytic
non specific (eat anything)
can produce new lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe features of neutrophils

A

respond to infection
quicker than macrophages
die after disposing of target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the cells of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes ( B&T cells )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the specific name for macrophages in the:

  1. liver
  2. bone
  3. kidney
  4. brain
A
  1. kupffer cells
  2. osteoclasts
  3. mesangial cells
  4. microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does the adaptive immune system recognise?

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are lymphocytes found

A

circulating blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are lymphocytes activated?

A

in 2ndary lymphoid organs (mainly lymph nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are b cells produced

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are t cells produced

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where do B cells mature

A

in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do T cells mature

A

in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the general function of B cells

A

secrete antibodies specific to target antigen (humoral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the general function of T cells

A

activated to induce direct cell mediated response by:
recruiting other cells
attacking themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do T cells recognise antigens?

A

T cell receptors (TCR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many types of T cell are there

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
name the types of T cells
1. helper T cells 2. cytotoxic T cells (killer) 3. regulatory T cells 4. memory T cells
26
function of helper T cells
activate B cell response | activate the other 3 T cell types
27
function of cytotoxic T cells
specifically kill infected cells
28
function of regulatory T cells
help modulate responses
29
function of memory T cells
remember antigen for rapid future response
30
how are B cells activated
by the antigen aided by T helper cells
31
function of antibodies
1. neutralise pathogen | 2. facilitate uptake by phagocytes (opsonization)
32
what is opsonization
the action of B cell antibodies coating an antigen to facilitate its uptake by phagocytes
33
name the two types of B cells
1. plasma cells | 2. memory cells
34
what are plasma cells
activated B cells secreting antibodies
35
what are memory B cells
B cells that remember the antigen
36
what is an antigen
a substance that activates the immune system and may (or may not) be harmful can be protein/lipid/carbohydrate can induce T and/or B response
37
what are antibodies
glycoproteins (immunoglobulins) that interact with specific antigens
38
how many varieties of antibodies
5x10^3
39
characteristics of antibodies
1. 2x heavy chain 2. 2x light chain 3. specific antigen binding regions 4. FC region
40
what is the FC region
region of antibody involved in specific macrophage signalling
41
how are there so many combinations of antibodies
at the DNA level the light chain variable region can be spliced and recombined in many ways
42
characteristics of the T cell receptor
has a & B chain | 10^8 types - due to recombination
43
how are T cells activated
if the antigen on an antigen presenting cell (of immune response) fits the T receptor
44
explain the process of T cell activation
1. if antigen on APC fits T receptor clonal expansion occurs 2. in clonal expansion many TH, CT and MT are produced 3. TH aid B cell activation
45
explain process of B cell activation
1. B cells bind to antigen when aided by TH cell 2. clonal expansion of that specific B cell 3. many plasma and memory B cells produced
46
what are antigen presenting cells? and what part of the immune response are they
innate | they are cells that engulf pathogens and express the pathogens antigen on their surface
47
what type of cells can be APCs
macrophages dendritic cells b lymphocytes
48
explain how APCs activate the adaptive immune response
1. antigen taken up by phagocytosis into APC 2. APC presents antigen on its surface 3. APC migrates to lymphoid tissue and presents antigen to T cells 4. if T cell has the specific receptor for antigen - immune response triggered
49
give some characteristics of dendritic cells
APC's reside in tissues but can circulate specific names based on location(langerhans in skin) can migrate to lymph nodes
50
what is a primary lymphoid tissue
where lymphocytes acquire ability for immune response (born and matured) (bone marrow & thymus)
51
what is a secondary lymphoid tissue
sites of lymphocyte activation
52
list 3 secondary lymphoid tissues
lymph nodes spleen mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
53
function of lymph nodes
screen lymph
54
function of spleen
screens blood born antigens | removes aged/defective blood cells
55
function of MALT
screens mucosa
56
how are T cells matured in thymus
1. receptor added to T cell 2. ensured that T cell not responsive to self antigen 3. enters circulation
57
what is found in lymph nodes
phagocytic cells for non specific filtering | lymphocytes to interact with new found antigens
58
where are mature and immature T cells found in thymus
mature - medulla | immature - cortex
59
how does adult thymus differ to infant thymus
degeneration in adult as all needed T cells have been produced
60
where are b cells activated
follicles of lymph nodes
61
what is in the mantle zone of lymph nodes mainly composed of
resting B cells
62
where in the lymph nodes are T cells mainly located
para cortex
63
where is MALT
mucosa of many epithelial cells tonsil ileum
64
characteristics of MALT
can be aggregations or scattered lymphocytes
65
how do macrophages recognise bacteria
they have receptors that bind antibodies bound to the bacterial surface

30 cell biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions