L22: Non-Communicable Diseases (CHD & DM) Flashcards by Ahmed Farag

Q

Def of NCD

A

Impairment in body function or structure that necessitates modification in person’s lifestyle or has persisted for a long length of time.

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Q

Examples of NCD

A

❶ Cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary disease, stroke)
❷ Cancer
❸ Diabetes
❹ Respiratory (asthma, emphysema, bronchitis)
❺ Obesity
❻ Renal (nephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
❼ Accidents
❽ Nervous and mental (mania, depression)
❾ Musculoskeletal (arthritis)
❿ Degenerative disorders

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Q

Communicable diseases were main causes of death worldwide

A

…

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Q

Magnitude of NCD Problem

After 2WW

A

Medical achievements: vaccination, antibiotics &
improving life conditions.
NCDs started to be major problems in developed
countries especially.

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Q

Magnitude of NCD Problem

By the End of 20th Century

A

NCDs were Increased in developing countries with double burden of infective & non-infective diseases in a poor environment & inadequate health systems

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Q

Magnitude of NCD Problem

Today

A

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Q

Four diseases that cause 36 million deaths each year.

A

❶ CVDs
❷ Cancers
❸ chronic respiratory diseases
❹ DM

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Q

The first cause of death globally is …..

A

CVD

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Q

In developed countries —-> Cancer is the …. leading cause of death next to CVDs

A

2nd

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Q

In developing world —> it is the ….. cause of death.

A

4th

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Q

Estimated prevalence of hypertension in Egypt was …. (Egyptian Health Issues Survey, 2020)

A

26.3%

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Q

Estimated prevalence of DM in Egypt was ……

A

16.6%

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Q

Magnitude of NCD Problem

The Future

A

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

A

…

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

Demographic Transition

A

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

Epidemeologic Transition

A

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

Nutrition Transition

A

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

The Multifactorial Nature of the Risk Factors for NCDs

A

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Q

Challenges for prevention of NCD

International Communications

A

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Q

Risk factors for CHDs

A

Non-Modifiable & Modifiable

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Q

Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs

A

Age
Sex
family Hx
Genetic Factors
Type A Personality

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Q

Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs

age

A

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Q

Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs

Sex

A

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Q

Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs

Family Hx

A

Higher risk in individuals with a history of CHD and DM

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Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Genetic Factors

play a role in dyslipidemia

Non-Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Type A personality

Aggression impatience & time urgency Competition

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs

- Lifestyle Risk Factors - Disease as Risk Factor

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Life Style RF

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Life Style RF (Dietary Factors)

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Life Style RF (mental Stress)

can Increase CHD risk, e.g Depression – Anger – Fear – Anxiety – Lack of social support

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Life Style RF (Smoking)

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Life Style RF (Alcohol)

Increase risk of dyslipidemia, hypertension & affects clotting factors.

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Diseases at Risk Factors

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Diseases at Risk Factors (Dyslipidemia)

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Diseases at Risk Factors (HTN)

A major risk factor for CHD.

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Diseases at Risk Factors (Obesity)

Modifiable Risk factors for CHDs - Diseases at Risk Factors (Gout)

hyperuricemia is a risk for CHD

Causes of Type I DM

See Table

Incidence of **Type I DM**

Age of Type I DM

RF of **Type I DM**

Causes of **Type II D.M**

Incidence of **Type II D.M**

Age of **Type II D.M**

RF for Type II D.M

Prevention of CHD & DM

- Primary, Secondary & Tertiary

Def of **Primary prevention**

interventions designed to modify adverse levels of risk factors once they are present (Prevention & management of risk factors)

What does Primary prevention Include?

- Lifestyle modification - Prevention & control of any underlying medical condition

Primary Prevention of CHD & DM - Lifestyle Modification

Prevention of CHD & DM - Prevention & control of any underlying medical condition

❶ HTN ❷ DM ❸ Obesity ❹ Hypercholesterolemia

Policies & strategies to prevent smoking (MPOWER package)

Dietetic recommendations to prevent CVDs & facilitate healthy eating

Policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity needs ......

Multifactorial approach

Policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity - Health Sector

**Health professionals** - Should encourage exercise habits to life time activity for all (30 min of moderate PE / day for at least 5 days per week. **Medical centres:** - staff and facilities for fitness and exercise prescription

Policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity - Education Sector

School based programs; physical education and providing greater opportunities for physical activities during school day

Policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity - Urban Design & Transport

- Design urban environment that encourage people to rely less on personal cars and prioritize walking and cycling - Enforce security and road safety legislations - Designing natural recreational spaces

Policies and strategies to facilitate physical activity - Workplaces

- Exercise breaks for sedentary workers - fitness programs in the work place

Primary prevention of DM

Secondary Prevention of **CHD & DM**

Tertiary Prevention of **CHD & DM**

- Rehabilitation of disabled CHD patients. - Preventive care for eyes, kidneys & feet for diabetic patients.

Therapeutic diet for hypertension (DASH)

Done

..