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1
Q

NATURAL PROTECTION MECHANISM:

A

*Naso-pharyngeal

*Tracheo-bronchial

*Pulmonary-Alveolar

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2
Q

Nose hairs (filter particles)
Cough, Sneeze

A

*Naso-pharyngeal

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3
Q

Mucociliary escalator
Bronchial constriction

A

Tracheo-bronchial

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4
Q

Macrophages (phagocytosis)
No cilia in Alveoli

A

Pulmonary-Alveolar

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5
Q

is the solid or liquid particles suspended in the air

A

Particulate matter (PM)

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6
Q

all types of combustion (motor vehicles, power
plants, wood and coal burning, etc.) and
some industrial processes.

A

Sources of fine particles

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7
Q

include crushing or grinding operations, and dust
from paved or unpaved roads.

A

Sources of coarse particles

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8
Q

the 13th leading cause of mortality in the world

A

particulate matter (PM)

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9
Q

Particles > 10 m mostly deposited in

A

Naso-pharyngeal region

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10
Q

PM2.5 (<2.5 m, fine particles) produces
serious health effects in

A

alveolar/gas exchange region

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11
Q

people that have increased risk of premature death or admission to hospitals or emergency
rooms when exposed to PM ?

A

people with existing heart or lung diseases

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12
Q

(THE SILENT KILLER) colorless, odorless and
tasteless gas

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

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13
Q

tend to be higher in areas with high traffic density and during times of high traffic volume.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE concentrations (CO)

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14
Q

may also be high in congested urban areas with slow - moving traffic

A

Carbon monoxide levels

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15
Q

It can be emitted as a result of burning the wood and
wildfire

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

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16
Q

it binds to hemoglobin and form carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) which reduces the transport of oxygen to tissues

A

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

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17
Q

are sensitive to low oxygen conditions and are especially vulnerable to the effects of COHb on oxygen transport and delivery to tissues.

A

The brain and heart

اعضاء حساسة لاي غازات غير الاكسجين ويحصل ضرر لما يقل مستوى الاكسجين في الدم

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18
Q

Thus persons with cardiovascular and
respiratory disease are particularly susceptible
to CO

ليش

A

لانهم حساسين لاي غاز غير الاكسجين

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19
Q

is a colorless gas and a photochemical oxidant
formed through complex chemical
reactions involving the VOCs and
NOx in the presence of sunlight.

A

Ground level ozone

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20
Q

تكون طبقة الاوزون ؟

A

complex chemical reactions involving the VOCs and
NOx in the presence of sunlight.

VOCs: مركبات عضوية متطايرة
(Volatile organic compound)

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21
Q

Ozone Reactions

A

1-Nitrogen Oxides

2-hydrocarbon free radical

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22
Q

 Coughing and throat irritation
 An uncomfortable sensation in the chest
 Reduction in lung function
 Ozone can aggravate asthma
 Ozone can increase susceptibility to respiratory infections

A

Health effects of OZONE

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23
Q

make up a category of highly reactive gases containing nitrogen and oxygen

A

Nitrogen oxides , NOx

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24
Q

Formation by combustion of fossil fuels

A

NITROGEN OXIDES NOx

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25
fossil fuels ايش يعني
المواد الأحفورية كالفحم الحجري، الفحم، الغاز الطبيعي، ومستخلصات النفط.
26
The sources of NOx include:
 Car and truck engines  Industries  Kerosene heating (Indoor)  Tobacco smoke (Indoor)  NATURAL SOURCE
27
NATURAL SOURCE of NITROGEN OXIDES NOx
when NOx enter the troposphere from the stratosphere
28
Prolonged exposure to NOx causes:
-pulmonary fibrosis -emphysema -higher lower respiratory tract illness in children
29
Exposure to 10-30 ppm of NO2 causes:
-Nose and eye irritation, bronchitis -Lung tissue damage, aggravate heart disease
30
a colorless, reactive gas, is produced during the burning of sulfur- containing fuels such as coal and oil, during metal smelting, and by other industrial processes.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
31
Major sources of Sulfur dioxide (SO2) include:
power plants and industrial boilers, diesel trucks.
32
Short-term intermittent exposures (SO2):
-Broncho-constriction (temporary breathing difficulty) -Ear/Nose/Throat irritation -Mucus secretion
33
Long-term exposures (SO2):
-Respiratory illness -Aggravates existing heart disease
34
burning fuels that contain lead, metal processing, waste incinerators, lead smelters, lead paint
LEAD (Pb)
35
can be harmful even at low doses because it accumulates in the body, mostly in the bones, which continue to function as an internal source of exposures
Lead
36
Exposure to ………….. can cause damage to the nervous system and kidneys
lead
37
Generic term for several chemicals that are highly persistent in the environment
DIOXINS
38
DIOXINS:
-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) -chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) -certain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
39
CAUSES of DIOXINS
burning hydrocarbons in presence of chlorine or chlorides
40
SOURCES of DIOXINS
waste incinerators
41
HEALTH EFFECTS: (DIOXINS)
-Carcinogenic : tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin, (TCDD) -Reproductive and developmental effects -Chloracne
42
 Carbon monoxide  Environmental Tobacco Smoke or Secondhand Smoke  Volatile Organic Compounds  Radon  Toxic Materials (Asbestos, Lead)
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
43
is the combination of two forms of smoke from burning tobacco products: -Sidestream smoke -Mainstream smoke
Environmental Tobacco Smoke or Secondhand Smoke
44
smoke that is emitted between the puffs of a burning cigarette, pipe, or cigar
Sidestream smoke
45
the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker
Mainstream smoke
46
It includes Alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
47
-Solvents, fabric softeners, deodorizers -Paints, glues, resins, waxes and polishing materials -Cosmetics: perfumes
Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
48
VOCs Health Effects Trichlorethylene
childhood leukemia
49
VOCs Health Effects Toluene
developmental problems
50
VOCs Health Effects Xylenes
birth defects
51
VOCs Health Effects Styrene
endocrine disruptor
52
VOCs Health Effects Methylene
cancer in animals
53
VOCs Health Effects Benzene
human carcinogen
54
 Use of solid fuels indoors  Mosquito coils  Household cleaners and deodorizers  Glues and resins  Tobacco smoke  Carpeting  Pressed wood products  Urea formaldehyde foam insulation(UFFI)
Sources of FORMALDEHYDE
55
Health Effect of Formaldehyde
Irritation of eyes, nose and throat Breathing difficulties Skin rash Asthma and other allergic reactions May be a sensitizer May cause cancer
56
Radioactive gas released from soil and rocks
RADON
57
Second leading cause of lung cancer (in adults)
RADON
58
-Geology of the area can predict levels in soil and water -Concentrations indoors depend on construction site and building materials -Highest levels occur in basements and on the ground floor
RADON
59
is a fibrous mineral product
Asbestos
60
Used for insulation and as fire-retardant: asbestos cement, floor and roof tiles, water pipes and others
Asbestos
61
* produces no acute toxicity. * Workers exposed in industry may develop asbestosis. * Long exposure leads to lung cancer and malignant tumor
Health effects of asbestos
62
داخل المنازل Lead Sources: Health Effects:
Lead Sources: Deteriorated lead-based paint Health Effects: -Kidney damage -damages the brain and can kill brain cells
63
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL :
1-Atmospheric dilution 2-Substitution or limitation 3-Process or equipment change 4-Air-cleaning technologies
64
(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL) discharge the releases through a very high stack
1-Atmospheric dilution
65
(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL) approach involves either eliminating a pollutant by substituting materials or methods that do not produce it
2-Substitution or limitation
66
(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL) electric motors instead of gasoline engines
3-Process or equipment change
67
(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL) Common examples are the applications of filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, adsorbers, or some combination of these to remove pollutants from airborne exhaust systems.
4-Air-cleaning technologies
68
(AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL) -using substitutes for lead to improve the octane rating of gasoline and -limiting the permissible sulfur content in coal and oil burned in electric power plants
2-Substitution or limitation
69
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