L3 Blood

Question 1

Blood info

Answer 1

A type of connecting tissue

pH7.4

Made of plasma and formed elements ( blood cell)

Question 2

Compound of blood

Answer 2

Plasma 55% least dense
Protein + water (most)

Erythrocyte 45%
Platelets
WBC
RBC

Buffy coat (leukocyte ) <1% most dense

Question 3

Function of blood

Answer 3

1. Transport solution
2. Immune defense (WBC)
3. Maintain homeostasis ( blood temperature, vasodilation, vasoconstriction)
4. clotting mechanism

Question 4

Location of hematopoiesis

Answer 4

Fetal: in liver and spleen

Adult: in red bone marrow found in pelvis

Question 5

RBC

Answer 5

Lifespan: 120 days

Amount: 99% of formed elements, 45% of full blood

Biconcave side, big area small volume

Flexible, can travel in the tiniest capillary

Question 6

Hemogloblin

Answer 6

Contains of
4 globin protein
4 heme molecule
1 iron ion

Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

1 heme molecule can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

Question 7

Life cycle of erythrocyte

Answer 7

1. Production of rbc by erythropoiesis

Triggered by bleeding / hypoxia
Kidney release erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow to produce rbc

2. Breakdown
   Old rbc recognised by macrophage in spleen and phagocytosis by liver
   Breakdown into heme molecule, globin and bilirubin

Question 8

Blood compatibility

Answer 8

Type A can donate to type A & type AB
Receive from type A and O

Type B can donate to type B and type AB
Receive from type B and O

Type AB can donate to AB only, receive from all type of blood (universal recipient)

Type O is universal donor
Receive from O only

Question 9

Agglutination 凝血

Answer 9

Antigen on rbc group bind with antibody in other blood group

Effect: form visible chain, block capillary

Question 10

Rh blood group how to identify

Answer 10

Depends on Rh-D antigen present or not

Rh+ hve Rh-D
Rh- don’t have

Anti Rh-D antibody only produce when Rh- blood met Rh+ blood

Question 11

Blood platelet

Answer 11

Produced in red bone marrow

Function: hemostasis 止血

Question 12

Hemostasis

Answer 12

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Platelet aggregation
3. Coagulation

Question 13

Vasoconstricition

Answer 13

Releasing thromboxane and stimulating sympathetic nervous system stimulates smooth muscle, caused vasoconstriction.

Blood vessel constricted, limited blood flow

Question 14

Platelet aggregation

Answer 14

Platelet adhere to exposed collagen fibre

effect: further vasoconstriction, temporarily seal the wound

Question 15

Coagulation

Answer 15

Result in a clot : fibrin web formed with blood cell

Form in 3 pathways
1. Intrinsic
Form inside the vessel
Factor 12 -) factor 10

2. Extrinsic
   Form from the damaged tissue
   Factor 7 -) factor 10
3. Common pathway
   Factor 10

Question 16

Lymphatic system included

Answer 16

Red bone marrow
Thymus 胸腺
Spleen 脾
Lymph node 淋巴結
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 17

Lymphatic newtwork

Answer 17

Lymph capillary
Lymphoid vessel
Lymph node
Lymph duct

Question 18

流向of lymphatic

Answer 18

Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphoid vessel
-) 1. Right lymphatic duct ( right chest, neck & head)
-) right subclavian vein
-) 2. Thoracic duct ( remaining part of body)
-) left subclavian vein

Question 19

Red bone marrow

Answer 19

Found in marrow cavity of bone, such as spine, pelvis, proximal 近身體中間 side of long bones

Function: to produce blood cell

Question 20

Thymus 胸腺

Answer 20

Anterior to heart capillary, posterior to sternum

Function: proliferate & maturation of T cell

Question 21

Lymph node 淋巴結

Answer 21

500 of them in the lymph vessel

Function: screen lymph
Proliferate and mature NK cell

Question 22

Spleen 脾

Answer 22

At left hypochondriac region
Break down old rbc
Production of rbc when is fetus
Store platelet, macrophage

Question 23

Mucosa Associated lymphoid tissue

Answer 23

Mucosal lining (mouth)

Function: protect from pathogen
Initiate immune response to pathogen

Question 24

Immune system functions

Answer 24

1. Distinguish self and non-self
2. Defence against pathogen & foreign substance
3. Identify & destroy abnormal cell
4. Identify and destroy damaged & old cell

Question 25

Leukocyte (wbc)

Answer 25

Produced in red bone marrow, Functioning to protect against infection 3 types of granulocyte 1. Neutrophil: react for phagocytosis 2. Basophil: release histamine ( for allergy) 3. Eosinophil: for allergy response

Question 26

Leukocyte ( lymphocyte)

Answer 26

Requires to be matured to fully function T cell (Cell-mediated immunity) B cell ( antibody-mediated immunity) NK cell Kill cancer cell

Question 27

Leukocyte ( monocyte)

Answer 27

Function: 1. macrophage 2. Dendritic cell

Question 28

3 lines of immunity

Answer 28

First line defense: physical barrier, chemical barrier Second line defence: fever, inflammation, phagocytosis Third line defence: antibody-mediated ( B cell) cell-mediated ( T cell)

Question 29

First line defence

Answer 29

Physical barrier: Skin Mucous Found in respiratory system, trap pathogen Hair Filter larger particles Chemical barriers Lysozyme: tears, saliva Acid: gastric juice Normal flora: non pathogenic bacteria that prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

Question 30

Second line defence

Answer 30

Aims to remove invading non-self matter By fever, inflammation, phagocytosis Step: 1. Wrap around the invaders 2. Internalize 3. Release enzyme to digest invader 4. Excrete the debris Characteristics Redness Swelling Fever Pain Inflammation steps 1. Vessel dilation to increase blood flow 2. Plasma leak into injured tissue with nutrient and repair factor 3. Wbc get into tissue 4. Attack and remove invader and initiate repair

Question 31

Third line immunity

Answer 31

1. Cell mediated immune response ( T cell) Mature in cell surface 2. Antibody mediated immune response ( B cell) Mature in bone marrow

Question 32

Antibody-mediated immune response

Answer 32

1. Activation: Antigen binds to B cell receptor Activated the antigen-specific B cell 2. Proliferation Activate the proliferation of B cell, mostly evolve into plasma cell, some is memory B cell 3. Action Plasma cell secrete antibody to the antigen Helper T cell enhance the plasma cell activation Memory B cell proiferate into plasma cell for a faster and stronger response in the future secondary immune response

Question 33

Antibody effect:

Answer 33

Block the effect of antigen Bind with specific antigen to lose its damaging ability Immobilise antigen

Question 34

5 classes of antibodies

Answer 34

G most number Work in second immune response M First immune response A Secrete at saliva, milk Work at entry point D B cell receptor, activate B cell E Allergic response

Question 35

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 35

Target: virus-infected cell Mutated cell Transplanted cell Involve 1. Effector T cell Cytotoxic T cell, helper T cell, suppressor T cell 2 memory T cell Process 1. Activation Antigen appears, binded into T cell receptor Proliferation Effector T cell proliferate, some into memory T cell Action: Cytotoxic T cell: destroy abnormal T cell Helper T cell: activate cytotoxic T cell to produce antibody Suppressor T cell Regulate Cytotoxic T cell to maintain immune system homeostasis Memory T cell: proliferate into effector T cell for a faster and stronger secondary immune response

Question 36

Immune memory

Answer 36

Initial immune response activate in a week, first expose to antigen Secondary immune response Stronger, quicker, presence of memory cell

Question 37

Adaptive immuniy

Answer 37

Active 1. Natural: immunity develop from an infection 2. Artificial: immunity gain in response to a vaccination Passive 1. Natural: from mother milk / placenta 2. Artificial: immunity gain from injection

Question 38

Immune disorder

Answer 38

1. Autoimmune disease: self attack 2. Allergy: exaggerated immune response 3. Immunodeficiency: weak or none of immunity