L3: Camelid Medicine Pt.2 (Mallicote) Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Additional diagnostics for the down camelid
A
- CSF tap
- M. Haemo PCR
- bone marrow
- U/S
- Rads
2
Q
Sedation of camelids
A
- 1-0.3 mg/kg Xylazine IV, IM, or SC
0. 03-0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IV, IM, or SC
3
Q
Differentials for down camelid
A
Heat stress Neuro dz (EEE, WNV, trauma, abscess, EHV, P. Tenuis, otitis, etc.) MS dz Anemia (parasites, M. Haemo) GI disease (Colic)
4
Q
Risk factors for heat stress
A
- black animal/full fiber
- high concentrate diets
- young pregnant and lactating animals
- transport, shows, stress
- hot temps/humidity
5
Q
Thermal window
A
Relatively fiberless area along ventral abdomen that allows for evaporation and heat loss
6
Q
Consequences of heat stress
A
Circulatory system: high HR, reduced clotting, low proteins Neuro: cell death Resp: pulm. Edema GI: decreased blood flow to GI Repro: scrotal swelling, reduced fertility CV: peripheral vasodilation Urinary: reduced BF to KID Muscle damage: recumbancy, high CKs
7
Q
Neurologic diseases in camelids
A
- viral
- bacterial
- P. Tenuis
- traumatic
- Polioencephalomalacia
8
Q
Viral neurologic diseases
A
EEE
WNV
EHV
Rabies
9
Q
Dx of EEE in camelids
A
- may have increased protein or cells on spinal fluid
- no consistent bloodwork abnormalities
- Dx: PCR, IHC on CNS tissues, serology on serum
10
Q
WNV in camelids
A
- causes a sporadic fatal nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis
- CS: depression, anorexia, fever, recumbency, opisthotonus, head tremors, dec. proprioception, altered mental state
- Dx: CSF has high TP and nucleated cells
- Prevent: vaccinate (3 doses)
11
Q
EHV-1 in camelids
A
- causes vitritis, retinitis, optic neuritis, severe neuro signs
- clinical incidence very LOW in cases exposed to horses
- routine vaccine NOT recommended
12
Q
Bacterial neuro diseases in camelids
A
- otitis media/interna**
- meningitis
- vertebral/brain abscessation
- listeriosis
13
Q
Otitis interna/media in camelids
A
- Most common causes: Arcanobacter pyogenes, Staph spp, Bacillus spp.
- CS: head tilt +/- facial n. Deficits
- Dx: CT (best), rads
- Tx: long term abx, bulla osteotomy
14
Q
Parelaphostrongylus tenius general chars.
A
- Aka meningeal worm (nematode parasite)
- causes dz in aberrant hosts (elk, moose, llamas, alpacas, goats)
- uncommon in FL**
- L3 larvae in snails ingested and penetrate GIT, migrate to spinal cord
- Oct-March worst
15
Q
CS/Dx of P. Tenius
A
- wide-based hind limb stance and ataxia +/- recumbency
- can look like anything
- may see eos and increased CSF protein
16
Q
Prevent/Tx. Of P. Tenuis**
A
Prevent: Ivermectin q4-6wks, or doramectin q2 months
Tx: Fenbendazole 50 mg/kg PO SID for 5 days**, banamine SID for 3-5 days, supportive care (thiamine, physical therapy, fluids, vit. E)
17
Q
Initial diagnostics for the down camelid
A
- PE (heat stress? M/S problem?)
- Neuro exam (P. Tenuis? Trauma?)
- Lab work (anemia? Metabolic?)
- Fecal exam (parasites?)
18
Q
Polioencephalomalacia
A
- acute onset of blindness and depression assoc. with dietary changes and excessive carbs
- tx: thiamine, supportive care
19
Q
Mycoplasma haemolamae general chars.
A
- small bacterium that lives on RBCs and destroys RBCs
- may be seen on cytology
- often a 2ary problem
20
Q
CS of Mycoplasma haemolamae
A
- usually asymptomatic mild anemia
- few animals develop significant anemia and ill-thrift
- those that don’t clear infection can be carriers
21
Q
Tx tips for down camelids
A
-target cause
-shear if suspect heat stress
-supportive care
-IV fluids
-abx if suspect infection or down long time
-banamine
+/- transfusion
-fenbendazole
-ponazuril
-moxidectin if severe parasites
22
Q
GI diseases in SACs
A
Choke Megaesophagus C3 ulceration Colic Diarrheal disease
23
Q
Causes of choke
A
“Bolting” feed
Poor dentition
Megaesophagus
FB (rare)
24
Q
Causes of megaesophagus
A
1) congenital
2) acquired:
- neuromuscular disorder
- 2ary to other GI disease
- metabolic disorder
- organophosphate toxicity
- vitamin/mineral deficiency
25
Dx and Tx of choke
Dx:
- orogastric intubation
- dental exam
- rads w/contrast
- esophagoscopy
Tx:
- sedation
- orogastric intubation
- abx
- anti-inflammatories
- IV fluids
26
Sequelae of choke
- dehydration
- aspiration pneumonia
- esophageal ulceration or tear (stricture may develop)
27
Prevention of choke
- ensure proper dentition
- slow feed intake
- feed competitive eaters separately
- feed in elevated tubes
- ensure balanced diet
28
3rd compartment ulcers: predisposing factors
- stress
- systemic disease
- high grain diet
- NSAIDs?
- anorexia?
29
Tx of 3rd compartment ulcers
- Ranitidine
- IV omeprazole
- Pantoprazole
30
Causes of colic in camelids
1) GI:
- hairballs
- enteritis/colitis
- strangulated intestine
- feed impactions (rare)
- gas (rare)
2) Peritonitis
3) Urogenital:
- uterine torsion, urethral blockage, kidney dz, ruptured bladder
4) Liver disease
5) Neoplasia
6) Toxins - slaframine
31
Enteritis causes/pathophys.
Eimeria Macusaniensis invades through SI mucosa --> severe inflammation, decreased motility --> fluid pooling --> distended intestines --> bacteria can cross intestinal lining
- Salmonella, Clostridium other causes
- most cases have no identified cause
32
Life cycle/transmission of Eimeria in camelids
- Direct life cycle
- fecal/oral transmission
- oocysts shed in feces
- animals may shed oocysts without CS
- E. Mac has widespread geographic distr.
- PPP = 32-36 days
33
Prevalence of E. Mac highest in what age group of camelids?
34
CS of E. Mac
-lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, sudden death, colic, low protein, diarrhea, etc.
35
Dx of E. Mac
- detect in feces (requires media with high specific gravity)
- suggestive CS
- majority of intestinal damage occurs before oocysts are seen in feces*
- hypoproteinemia, hypoNa
- high potential to be missed
- small intestinal biopsy
- PCR (not commercially available)
36
Tx/prevent of E. Mac
- clean facilities
- strategic use of coccidiostats for prevention
- isolate clinically affected animals
- sulfadimethoxine, ponazuril, toltrazuril
- diarrhea can persist after tx ends until lining repairs
37
When to do an ex lap
- tx of forestomach diseases and large intestinal diseases
- fair for tx of SI diseases
- duration of signs has a negative impact on prognosis
- poor prognosis with bezoar in jejunum
- risky to do in the field
38
Contagious causes of diarrhea
- BVDV
- Coronavirus
- Rotavirus
- Salmonella sp.
- Johne's dz
- Eimeria mac.
- Roundworms
- Crypto
- Giardia
39
Infectious causes of diarrhea
- clostridium
- sepsis
- peritonitis
- E. Coli
40
Non-infectious causes of diarrhea
- Grain OL
- systemic dz
- liver failure
- IBD
- neoplasia
- dietary
41
Clinical syndromes of BVDV
- diarrhea
- resp. Dz
- immunosuppression
- repro dz: abortion, congenital abnormalities, poor fertility
42
How does BVDV spread?
- direct contact
| - persistently infected animals are source of virus for a herd
43
Dx of BVDV
Whole blood:
- Virus isolation
- PCR
- ELISA
Skin biopsy:
- IHC
- PCR
- ELISA
ID PI animals
44
Johne's disease caused by what organism
Mycobacterium avium sbsp paratuberculosis
45
Camelids are prone to sepsis with GI disturbances
:)
46
Chars. Of Johne's dz in camelids
- RARE
- CS: chronic wasting, diarrhea, lethargy, edema
- avg. age onset: 1 year
- dx can be a challenge (fecal culture, RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA)
