L3 Definitions

Question 1

Absolute differences

Answer 1

comparison between 2 measures of disease frequency. Describes the excess frequency of disease associated with the exposure among exposed individuals or the total population

Question 2

Incidence Density

Answer 2

new cases of a disease/person-time of population at risk for disease (appropriate for dynamic populations and fluctuating “at risk” periods

Question 3

Point Source Outbreak

Answer 3

or common. Continuous and intermittent; not person-to-person spread. Derived from a common, single point source for the outbreak

Question 4

Adjusted Disease/Mortality Rates

Answer 4

total number of deaths from all causes per 100,000 population; usually expressed for a 1-year period

Question 5

Incidence Rate

Answer 5

the occurrence of new cases of disease arising during at-risk person-time of observation; a true rate

Question 6

Postnatal Mortality Rate

Answer 6

of deaths of children 28 days to 1 year per 1,000 live births: usually expressed for a 1 year period

Question 7

Attack Rate (Incidence Proportion)

Answer 7

of new cases of disease that develop (usually during a defined and short time period) per number in a healthy population at risk at the start of the observation period

Question 8

Incubation period

Answer 8

amount of time before a person infected with a disease start to show signs and symptoms

Question 9

Prevalence

Answer 9

existing cases of disease + new cases of disease; total number of people in a population that have the disease

Question 10

Case Definitions

Answer 10

“so you know what you’re seeing when you are seeing it” …a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease or a condition for public health surveillance

Question 11

Induction Period

Answer 11

interval between the action of a cause and the disease onset

Question 12

Prevalence Rate

Answer 12

existing cases/ # of people in population

Question 13

Case Fatality Rate

Answer 13

deaths among cases per number of cases of disease

Question 14

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 14

of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births: usually expressed for a 1-year period

Question 15

Point Prevalence

Answer 15

proportion of individuals in a defined population that have a disease at a given point in time

Question 16

Cause-specific Morbidity Rate

Answer 16

of cases of a specific disease, condition, or event usually expressed in a 1-year period

Question 17

Infectivity

Answer 17

the ability of an infectious agent to cause infection, measured as the proportion of people exposed to an infectious agent whole become infected

Question 18

Population vs. Sample

Answer 18

Population is the total #of inhabitants in a group. Sample is how many inhabitants from the population are being tested

Question 19

cause-specific mortality rate

Answer 19

of deaths from a specific cause per 100,000 population; usually expressed for a 1-year period

Question 20

latency period

Answer 20

the time from exposure to a causal agent to onset of symptoms of a (usually noninfectious) disease

Question 21

proportion

Answer 21

division of 2 RELATED numbers (numerator is a subset of the denominator)

Question 22

Cause-Specific Survival Rate

Answer 22

the # of people harmed by the cause in question that survive the encounter compared to the number of infected

Question 23

Line (Frequency) Tables

Answer 23

Each Line is a patient/human and every column is about them; a graph used to illustrate data

Question 24

Proportional Mortality Rate

Answer 24

the proportion if deaths among a population attributable to a particular cause during a selected period

Question 25

CDC (website and resources)

Answer 25

US Center for Disease Control; leading national public health institute; protect health and safety through control and prevention

Question 26

Live Birth Rate (Natality)

Answer 26

used to calculate population growth. Ratio of the number of births to the size of the population

Question 27

rate

Answer 27

division of 2 numbers with time incorporated into the denominator

Question 28

Cluster

Answer 28

(Outbreak) an epidemic limited to a localized area

Question 29

Maternal Mortality Rate

Answer 29

#of deaths assigned to pregnancy-related causes during a time interval

Question 30

Ratio

Answer 30

division of 2 unrelated numbers (numerator is not part of denominator)

Question 31

Common Source Outbreak

Answer 31

an outbreak that results from people being exposed to the same harmful influence

Question 32

MMWR (website & resources)

Answer 32

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report…given by the CDC, gives us surveillance, notifiable disease, and recommendations…keep physicians, health care practitioners, and epidemiologists informed

Question 33

Relative differences

Answer 33

ratio of 2 measures of disease frequency, which gives information about the strength of the relationship between an exposure and disease

Question 34

Crude Morbidity Rate

Answer 34

frequency of which a disease appears in a population without adjustment

Question 35

Morbidity

Answer 35

general word that can apply to a disease, condition, or event

Question 36

Risk

Answer 36

probability that an event will occur

Question 37

Crude Mortality Rate

Answer 37

a death rate from all causes of death for an entire population, without adjustment

Question 38

Mortality

Answer 38

death

Question 39

Secondary Attack Rate

Answer 39

a measure of frequency of new cases of a disease among the contacts of known patients

Question 40

Cumulative Incidence

Answer 40

proportion of a candidate population that becomes disease over a specified period of time

Question 41

Neonatal Mortality Rate

Answer 41

the #of deaths for children from birth up to but not including 28 days usually expressed per 1,000 live births

Question 42

Sentinel / Index Case

Answer 42

original person who infected other people and started to epidemic

Question 43

outbreak

Answer 43

an epidemic limited to a localized increase in occurrence…limited to a community

Question 44

Endemic

Answer 44

the constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

Question 45

Pandemic

Answer 45

an epidemic occurring across the globe involving a large number of people

Question 46

Surveillance (Active vs. Passive)

Answer 46

Passive surveillance are doctors reporting to the government. They follow regulations that have been determined previously. Active surveillance is Epidemiologist actively doing field research and looking for disease.

Question 47

Epidemic

Answer 47

occurrence of disease in excess of normal expectancy

Question 48

Pathogenicity

Answer 48

the ability of an agent to cause disease after infection, measured as the proportion of persons infected by an agent who then experience clinical disease

Question 49

Survival Rate

Answer 49

of living cases per # of cases of disease

Question 50

Period prevalence

Answer 50

proportion of individuals in a defined population that have a disease over a given period of time

Question 51

Syndromic Surveillance

Answer 51

looking for predetermined signs and symptoms of patients to be reported

Question 52

Fixed/Dynamic populations

Answer 52

Dynamic populations fluctuate and are a changeable state or condition while fixed populations stay the same and membership is permanent

Question 53

Person-Time

Answer 53

amount of time each participant in a cohort study is observed and disease-free "person years" ex. 100 people followed for 1 year = 100 person-years

Question 54

Virulence

Answer 54

the ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die

Question 55

Frequency

Answer 55

not just counts but counts in relation to size of "the population"

Question 56

Propagation outbreak

Answer 56

epidemic caused by person-to-person spread

Question 57

WHO (website & resources)

Answer 57

worldwide health organization; lets us know when we are having a pandemic; keeps us informed globally about diseases, travel watch, global body of disease and health

Question 58

Incidence

Answer 58

new cases of disease that develop in a specified time period; risk attack rate, cumulative incidence

Question 59

National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS)

Answer 59

where state health departments report cases of selected diseases to. Branch in charge of keeping the public notified