L.3 - lipids & nucliec acids

Question 1

What group of cpds are lipids in?

Answer 1

• heterogeneous group of cpds

Question 2

What does lipids consist of?

Answer 2

Carbon, hydrogen (hydrophobic) and few oxygen

Question 3

When are lipids soluble and non soluble?

Answer 3

Soluble in non-polar solvents (such as ether, chloroform)

Generally insoluble in water

Question 4

What are the 5 important lipids?

Answer 4

• fats
• phospholipids
• carotenoids
• waxes
• steroids

Question 5

What are the roles of lipids/& function?

Answer 5

• energy storage
• hormone
• vision
• protection
• cell membranes

Question 6

What are triacylglycerols (fats)

Answer 6

• most abundant lipids in living organisms
• the main storage lipid
• when metabolized, yields 2x as much energy as carbs
• carbs and proteins can be transformed by enzymes into fats

Question 7

What is the structure of triacylglycerol (fatty acid)

Answer 7

Look at diagram & draw

Question 8

What are the types of fatty acids?

Answer 8

• Saturated - contain max possible number of hydrogen atoms
• unsaturated - include 1 or more adjacent pairs of carbon atoms joined by a double bond
• monounsaturated - one double bond
• polyunsaturated- more than 1 double bond

Question 9

What type of lipids are phospholipids? What is its function?

Answer 9

• amphipathic lipids
• 2 ends differ physically and chemically
• functions as fundamental components of cell membranes

Question 10

Know the phospholipid diagram !

Answer 10

!!!!

Question 11

Phospholipid vs phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 11

Phospholipid
• Consists of a hydrophobic tail made up of two fatty acids and a hydrophilic head which includes a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group which intern is bonded to an organic group that can vary.

Phospholipid bilayer
• Phospholipids form lipid bilayers in which the hydrophilic heads interact with water and the hydrophobic tails are in the bilayer interior.

Question 12

What pigments do carotenoids give off?

Answer 12

• orange and yellow

Question 13

Which macromolecule are carotenoids classified into?

Answer 13

• lipids

Question 14

What role do carotenoids play?

Answer 14

• a role in photosynthesis

Question 15

What do carotenoids consist of?

Answer 15

• isoprene units

Question 16

What do animals convert carotenoids into?

Answer 16

• vitamin A

Question 17

Know the structures of isoprene subunit, beta carotene, point of cleavage, vitamin A, retinal

Answer 17

!!!! (SLIDE 13)

Question 18

What is the structure of steroids?

Answer 18

• carbon atoms in 4 attached rings

Question 19

What do steroids consist of?

Answer 19

• isoprene units.

Question 20

Whaat are the 3 main examples of steroids?

Answer 20

• cholesterol - essential components of animal cell membrane
• cortisol - steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal glands

Question 21

What are steroids involved in?

Answer 21

A regulating metabolism

Question 22

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 22

• transmits hereditary information
• determine what proteins a cell manufacturers

Question 23

What are the two classes of nucleic acids found in cells?

Answer 23

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 24

Nucleic acids are polymers of…

Answer 24

Nucleotides

Question 25

What are the components of nucleotides

Answer 25

- 5 carbon sugar - dna or rna - one of more phosphate groups - nitrogenous base of either a double ring purine or a single ring pyrimidine

Question 26

What are the purines and what are the pyrimidinds?

Answer 26

Purines - adenine & guanine Pyrimidines - cytosine & thymine & uracil

Question 27

What nitrogen bases are found in dna and what are found in rna?

Answer 27

cytosine & thymine - DNA ONLY uracil - RNA ONLY adenine & guanine - BOTH

Question 28

What is DNA?

Answer 28

- a double started helix (2 chains) - G-C - A-T

Question 29

What is RNA?

Answer 29

- single stranded (one chain) - nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester linkages

Question 30

Study gene expression (transcription!)

Question 31

What is ATP?

Answer 31

- high energy currency of the cell

Question 32

What is the structure of ATP (adenosine tri phosphate)

Answer 32

(Memorize how diagram looks like) - gamma phosphate group - alpha phosphate group - beta phosphate group - ribose - nitrogen base

Question 33

What is cyclic AMP? What is its function?

Answer 33

- a nucleotide - cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - cell signalling - transfers the effects of hormones into cells - example: glucagon & Adrenalin which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of protein kinases.