L3- perception Flashcards
How do we hear sounds?
When hearing a sound, we detect the vibrating waves that travel through the air.
The brain then translates the physical properties of the wave into perceptual qualities. Such as the
frequency wave of the vibration = pitch of sound.
Complexity = timbre (quality).
Amplitude of the wave = (intensity) loudness
What is the formal term for the outside part of our ear? What does this do?
The Pinna.
It amplifies the sounds (hence ear shape)
What is the cochlea? What does it do?
It is inside of the ear and has a snail shape. (its name is greek for snail).
It contains the basilar membrane (receptive organ for hearing). Sound is interpreted in cochlea. Through its auditory receptor cells
(On the surface) vibrating up and down as a response to sound waves. (Up and down depending on sound wave)
Vibrations activate auditory receptor cells
How many people have deafness
16% of uk adults have a degree of hearing loss
(up to half of over 75s have deafness to a degree) through age related hearing loss
What is age related hearing loss?
Caused mostly by physical damage to auditory receptor cells in cochlea.
This damage also affects high frequency of sounds being heard
What is a cochlea implant and why do people have this?
Electronic devices which ate surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable deaf people to hear
They stimuli signals that would come from the auditory receptor cells and send them to the brain
Can be successful at restoring hearing, especially on young children.
However is deafness something which needs to be fixed. Many deaf societies would argue not
What can influence hearing?
Visual stimuli input can modify context and our interpretation
What is gustation?
Taste
How many qualities of taste are there in the simplest modalities
- 5
- sourness
- sweetness
- bitterness
- saltiness
- umami (savoury)
Do individuals have a variation in their taste ? If so how?
Yes.
PTC chemical was used to see how different people taste his. It was perceived as different by different people.
-16% are non tasters of PTC
-56% medium tasters
-28% super tasters
If you are a super taster, PTC is tasted as bitter. (Eat less vegetables) but if you are a non taster then you want more flavour in food (especially fat) assumed you taste PTC as more sweet.
What does our taste ability depend on ?
It depends on the tongue and the mouth receptors in them.
What are papillae?
The bumps on the tongue which contain taste buds with receptor cells in them
Where are the receptor cells on the tongue? And what do they do?
In the taste buds within the bumps on the tongue. They affect how we taste things.
What regions of the tongue detect specific tastes?
All tongue regions can detect the same tastes.
What is the definition of perception
Process which we recognise what is represented by the information provided by our sense organs
What is the relation of taste and smell?
The thing we perceive as “flavour” is not actually the taste but is a multi sensory phenomenon of both taste and smell.
This is cause there is evidence of the pathways of both senses emerge within the brain (orbital cortex).
What is somatosenses?
Touch
What would you describe touch as?
Our ability to respond to touch, vibration, pains, warmth, coolness, limb positive etc.
How do we have ability to touch?
Our skin contains neurone dendrites which transmits somatosensory information to the brain.
-there is no specific receptor cells for each type of touch
If we are in chronic pain, how does out behaviour change?
Each psychological process has a behavioural consequence.
- perception; hemi-inattention/ neglect: altered size of perception
- cognition; deficits cognitively including in performance
- attention; hyper vigilance (increases alertness); interception
- emotion; reward deficit state; depression; heightened anxiety; suicide.
- learning and memory; memory deficits; fear learning
- motivation; decreased levels of goal centred value; altered survival salience.
How do we interpret temperature?
Different sensory endings produce sensations of warmness and coolness
We have temperature detectors which respond best to changes in temperature. They adapt to the environment to understand how hot/ col it is.
How do we perceive pain and how do we sense pain?
Nociceptors= are pain receptors which we have in the body. This is to detect this pain.
The process itself of sensing this pain is noiception.
Pain includes sensory stimulation and emotional components
What did master et al 2009 find about perception of pain of those in LT relationships.
Females After seeing a photo of their partners face, their perception of pain was reduced.
Pain was applied by heating the skin(half of trials were tolerable and others were higher).
Seeing their partners face led to lower pain ratings compared to seeing a strangers face.
This shows that social networks can affect our perception of pain. (Emotional component)
How do we know there is a emotional component of pain ?
Master et al 2009 found that social networks can affect perception of pain (emotional component of seeing LT partners photo lowering pain felt.)
