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BIO232 Plant Ecology > L3 Post-Glacial History of British Flora > Flashcards

L3 Post-Glacial History of British Flora Flashcards

1
Q

what time period is he ice age in

A

quaternary

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2
Q

What is the name for the current interglacial period and how long has it been going on for

A

The Holocene
11,700 years

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3
Q

Which direction was the movement of continental land mass in the Quaternary period

A

Migration towards polar regions

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4
Q

What mountainous region formed in the Quaternaty period and what did it cause

A

Himalayas
Led to significant cooling

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5
Q

3 main events that occured in the Quaternary period

A

Migration of continental mass towards poles
Uplift of Himalayas
Closing of the Isthmus of Panama

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6
Q

What change did the closing of the Isthmus of Panema bring about

A

Changes to ocean circulation

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7
Q

What causes repeated glaciations

A

Milankovitch cycles

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8
Q

What is involved in the Milankovitch cycles that causes glaciations

A

Eccentricity
Obliquity
Precession of the equinox

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9
Q

What is eccentricity

A

Shape of earth’s orbit around the sun
Changes over time: sometumes circular, sometimes more eliptical

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10
Q

What is obliquity

A

The tilt of the earth in relation to its plane of orbit

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11
Q

What is meant by precession of the equinox

A

The season during which the earth is closest to the sun varies over time

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12
Q

What happened to plants in the glaciated regions

A

Wiped out
Only species in the refuga survivef and repopulated

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13
Q

What was the last major tree to migrate back after the ice age and why

A

Beech
Has very large seeds so is much slower a spreading

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14
Q

What is studied in palaeoecology

A

Ecology of the past

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15
Q

Ways to study palaeoecology

A

Terrestrial sediment cores
Ice cores
Sediments
Tree rings
Fossil pollen
Macrofossils (plant parts)
Charcoal
Fossil beetles
Stable isotopes

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16
Q

How is sediment used in palaeoecology

A

Sediment is extracted as a tube of earth
Take samples along different points of the tube = different points in time

17
Q

What is the benefit of takinf samples from an anoxic environment

A

Preserves fossils

18
Q

How are the sediment tube samples processed in the lab (what is added to them and what does it do)

A

Hydrochloric acid added - breaks down everything except pollen as pollen contains highly resistant sporopollenin

19
Q

What is the Clements Gleason debate about
What is Gleasons’ view point and is it supported by palaeoecology

A

Wheterh plants behave as one organism
Gleason argues that species are individualistic and just happen to occur together at certain points in time
This is supported by palaeoecology as it shows species arrive and dominate at different times and different rates

20
Q

What is the possible origin of pine in Scotland

A

Glacial refuge off coast of Scotland which reestablished species

21
Q

What was the woodland structure of Britain in the early postglacial period

A

Treeless steppe-tundra flora with Arctic/Alpine flora

22
Q

What was the woodland structure of British woodlands 11000-10000 YA and what was the climate

A

Increase in juniper, birch, pine
Climate cold, becoming continental

23
Q

what was the climate in the pre-boreal period

A

cold but becoming continental

24
Q

explain what changes were seen in vegetation 10000-8000 BP

A

rapid rise in hazel
appearance of oak and elm

25
Q

what was the climate 10000-8000BP

A

continental

26
Q

How many years ago did Britain seperate from the European continent

A

8000-6000

27
Q

What was the climate 8000-6000BP and what plant structure dominated

A

Climate warm and wet, oceanic
Wildwood forests

28
Q

At what time was the most complete wildwood development

A

5000BP

29
Q

What percentage of the UK is covered by woodland and how much of this is ancient

A

13%, majority conifer plantation
Only 1.2% ancient

30
Q

7 main trees dominating wildwood uk

A

Alder
Ash
Lime
Hazel
Oak
Pine
Birch

31
Q

Where was Alder found 5000YA

A

Major river valleys and wetlands

32
Q

Where was Ash found 5000YA

A

Calcerous soils in S and E England

33
Q

Where was Lime found 5000YA

A

Fertile, non-calcerous soil in England and Wales

34
Q

Where was hazel found 5000YA

A

Calcerous soils beyond the range of Ash

35
Q

Where was Oak found 5000YA

A

Acidic infertile soil

36
Q

Where was pine found 5000YA

A

Western and Northern Ireland and Scotland

37
Q

Where was Birch found 5000YA
Why was it often out-competed

A

Extreme limits of woodland growth (Northern Scotland)
Low shade tolerance

38
Q

What events occured after 5000BP

A

Forest clearance
Easy agriculture
Blanket bog spread

39
Q

What types of pollen increased and decreased

A

Decrease in tree pollen
Increase in graminoid pollen (grasses, cereals)

BIO232 Plant Ecology (15 decks)

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