L5: Scramble for Africa

Question 1

Why was Britain in such a strong position?

Answer 1

Their navy dominated the seas

Question 2

What happened to all European countries during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 2

They expanded and industrialized

Question 3

What did the expansion of other European countries mean for Britain and its empire?

Answer 3

It faced a lot more competition as other nations were taking lands in Asia and neighbouring middle east

Question 4

Which nations were now competing with Britain?

Answer 4

Germany, France and Russia were now flexing their imperial muscles

Question 5

What was France’s imperial features?

Answer 5

Reformed army
Established foothold in Indo-China in the 1860’s
Defeated Germany in 1874

Question 6

What was Germany’s imperial features?

Answer 6

Newly united as one country
Huge wealth of natural resources
Began annexing areas of African coastline in 1884

Question 7

What was Russia’s imperial features?

Answer 7

Had borders all the way to Afghanistan in 1884
Building up navy
Developing railways

Question 8

Which continent became a focus for nations with imperial powers?

Answer 8

Africa

Question 9

What was the scramble for Africa?

Answer 9

2 conferences held which were held to facilitate Europeans access and control in Africa. These conferences were the Berlin and Brussells conferences.

Question 10

When was the Brussels conference?

Answer 10

1876

Question 11

Who organised the Brussels conference?

Answer 11

King Leopald of Belgium

Question 12

Why did King Leopald of Belgium hold the Brussels conference?

Answer 12

He cemented Belgiums interests and influence around the Congo Basin

Question 13

How did other nations react to Leopald’s Brussels conference?

Answer 13

The other nations increased their suspicion and competitions by sending in their own explorers to see what Belgium was upto

Question 14

When was the Berlin conference?

Answer 14

1884-1885

Question 15

Who organised the Berlin conference?

Answer 15

Otto von Bismark of Germany

Question 16

Why did Otto von Bismark of Germany hold the Berlin conference?

Answer 16

He wanted to iron out the issues that had come from the Brussels conference

Question 17

What did the Berlin conference establish?

Answer 17

Free trade for all in the Congo basin and Outlet rivers
The principle of “effective occupation”

Question 18

What was the principle of effective occupation?

Answer 18

A European power that could assert a claim to land that if “effectively occupied” which demonstrated that they had a local treaty agreement, an active administration and was able to police the territory it claimed

Question 19

What did the Berlin conference allow Britain to do?

Answer 19

Britain was able to spend the next 2 decades establishing a huge range of new areas of control in Africa

Question 20

How did Britain establish a range of new areas to control in Africa?

Answer 20

Producing protectorates (and showing off effective occupation to the conference)

Question 21

What is a protectorate?

Answer 21

A strong state that protects or partly controls a weaker state or territory

Question 22

Where did the British establish protectorates?

Answer 22

Ashantiland
Nigeria
Zanzibar
Uganda
Kenya
Rhodesia
Nyasaland

Question 23

Where was Ashantiland?

Answer 23

West Africa

Question 24

Who were the Ashanti’s?

Answer 24

An ethnic group which had once possessed a large empire along the Gulf of Guinea

Question 25

What did Britain demand from the Ashantis?

Answer 25

British demanded that their king, Prempeh, should turn over the remainder of his empire to the British as a protectorate

Question 26

How did King Prempeh react to Britain's demands?

Answer 26

The king refused which resulted in a fourth Anglo-Ashanti war

Question 27

What was the Anglo-Ashanti war?

Answer 27

1896 Britain conquered the Ashanti territories and forced King Prempeh from his throne

Question 28

When was the final uprising of Ashantiland and what did it lead to?

Answer 28

1900 Led to Britain's formal annexation of the kingdom

Question 29

Where was Nigeria?

Answer 29

West Africa

Question 30

How did Britain establish their claim to Nigeria?

Answer 30

By virtue of their occupation and by an 1890 agreement with the French

Question 31

What was Britain's 1890 agreement with France?

Answer 31

The French agreed to recognize Britains domination in the area as long as Britain recognizes the French claim to Madagascar

Question 32

What did the British take over from Nigeria?

Answer 32

The British government took over the responsibilities of the Royal Niger Company

Question 33

When did Britain establish direct control in North Nigeria?

Answer 33

1900

Question 34

When did Britain establish direct control in South Nigeria?

Answer 34

1906

Question 35

When was Nigeria eventually unified?

Answer 35

1914

Question 36

Where was Zanzibar?

Answer 36

East Africa

Question 37

When did Britain declare Zanzibar a protectorate of Britain?

Answer 37

1890 after they a treaty establishing spheres of influence in East Africa

Question 38

What did Britain install in Zanzibar in 1890?

Answer 38

Its own "puppet" Sultan, Hamad bin Thuwaini

Question 39

When did Hamad bin Thuwaini die and what was the consequences?

Answer 39

The mysterious death of Sultan Hamad in 1896 led to the accession of his cousin Khalid

Question 40

What was the problem with the accession of cousin Khalid in Zanzibar?

Answer 40

It was done without Britains blessing which led to a confrontation

Question 41

How did the British react to cousin Khalid's accession in Zanzibar?

Answer 41

The British ordered Khalid to stand down in which he refused and Britain mounted a bombardment of Sultans palace

Question 42

How did the British react to cousin Khalid's accession in Zanzibar?

Answer 42

The British ordered Khalid to stand down in which he refused and Britain mounted a bombardment of Sultans palace

Question 43

How long did the war between Khalid in Zanzibar and Britain last?

Answer 43

38 minutes when Khalid was overthrown and was replaced by Sultan Hamud for 6 years under British protectorate

Question 44

Where is Kenya?

Answer 44

East Africa

Question 45

When did British become interested in Kenya?

Answer 45

The Berlin Conference when it fell into Britains sphere of influence

Question 46

Why was Kenya a useful territory for Britain?

Answer 46

It offered a route from the coast to Uganda

Question 47

How did Britain try and force their control in Kenya?

Answer 47

They made use of a succession dispute between the native Mazrui and the muslim majority

Question 48

How long did it take for Britain to crush opposition in Kenya?

Answer 48

9 months

Question 49

When and how did Britain claim Kenya?

Answer 49

Sheikh Mbaruk fled and this territory became part of Britains East Africa Protectorate of 1895

Question 50

Where is Rhodesia?

Answer 50

South Africa

Question 51

Who established a British presence in Rhodesia?

Answer 51

Cecil Rhodes

Question 52

What did Cecil Rhodes do in Rhodesia?

Answer 52

He used force to establish British settlers but half of these settlers died in wars with the natives

Question 53

Where was Nyasaland?

Answer 53

A small territory in South Africa that was opened by David Livingstone and settled by Scottish settlers

Question 54

What did these Scottish settlers in Nyasaland face?

Answer 54

Portuegese backed arab attacks and was not until 1891 until they were able to establish control

Question 55

When did Nyasaland become a protectorate?

Answer 55

1907 under the operating control of Rhodes British South African Company