L6 Cell Cycle-Nucleic Acids

Question 1

What is cell cycle?

Answer 1

Sequence of phases in the life cycle of the cell.

Question 2

______ is the division of cell into 2 new cells.

Answer 2

Cytokinesis

Question 3

Mitosis is the _____ of the _______ of the cell into 2 new ________.

Answer 3

division
nucleus
nuclei

Question 4

What are the parts of chromosome?

Answer 4

-sister chromatids
-centromere
-p arm ( short )
-q arm ( long )
-telomere
-chromatin

Question 5

Sister chromatids are ____ structures that result from chromosome _____ formed during ___ phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 5

identical
replication
S

Question 6

DNA is wrapped tightly around _____ and coiled tightly to from ______.

Answer 6

histones
chromosomes

Question 7

What are the phases in cell cycle?

Answer 7

G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

Question 8

During G0 phase, the cell has ___ the cycle and has ________ dividing.

Answer 8

left
stopped

Question 9

During G1 phase, cells ______ in size and carries out normal ______, organelles _____.

Answer 9

increase
metabolism
duplicate

Question 10

What is the function of G1 checkpoint? and to check for?

Answer 10

A control mechanism that ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis

Check for:
nutrients
growth
DNA damage

Question 11

S phase is when _________ occurs.

Answer 11

DNA replication

Question 12

G2 phase is where cells continue to ______. The G2 checkpoint functions in? check for?

Answer 12

grow
control mechanism to ensure that everything is ready to enter M phase and divide

Check for:
cell size
DNA replication

Question 13

M phase is when ______ stops and cellular energy is focused on the orderly _____ into _____ cells.

Answer 13

cell division
division
2 daughter

Question 14

Metaphase checkpoint functions in? check for?

Answer 14

ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division

Check for:
chromosome spindle attachment

Question 15

A nucleotide has 3 structure which are?

Answer 15

Nitrogenous base

DNA backbone:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar

Question 16

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 16

Purines
-adenine
-guanine

Pyrimidines
-thymine
-cytosine
-uracil

Question 17

What is the Chargaff’s rule?

Answer 17

DNA from any cell of any organism should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. The amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine. The amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.

Question 18

Nucleotides are bonded between ______
( 5’ carbon) and ______ ( 3’carbon ) forming the backbone of the DNA.

Answer 18

phosphate
sugar moieties

Question 19

DNA strands are _____ and the complementary strand runs in the ___ direction.

Answer 19

antiparallel
opposite

Question 20

Nitrogenous bases are connected by ___ bonds. Phosphate group and pentose sugar are connected by _____.

Answer 20

Hydrogen
Covalent phosphodiester bonds

Question 21

A code of the chromosome is the _____ order that bases occur.

Answer 21

specific

Question 22

Characteristics of RNA?

Answer 22

-made of ribonucleotide, ribose as pentose sugar
-nitrogenous bases are A,G,U,C
-single stranded
-found in cell’s nucleus,cytoplasm and ribosome
-synthesized from DNA when needed

Question 23

Function of RNA?

Answer 23

Retrieve the protein code from DNA and carry out processes needed to produce proteins.

Question 24

Characteristics of DNA?

Answer 24

-made of deoxyribonucleotide, deoxyribose as pentose sugar
-nitrogenous bases are A,G,T,U
-double stranded
-found in cell’s nucleus and mitochondria
-self replicating

Question 25

Function of DNA?

Answer 25

Contains the code for proteins an organism may produce.

Question 26

What are the types and its functions of RNA?

Answer 26

Messenger RNA -carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein Transfer RNA -brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make a protein Ribosomal RNA -part of the structure of ribosomes

Question 27

All RNAs are produced in the ______.

Answer 27

nucleus

Question 28

The explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system is called __________.

Answer 28

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Question 29

Hereditary is the _____ ___ of traits from _____ to their offspring, either through ____ or ____ reproduction

Answer 29

passing on parents asexual sexual

Question 30

Dominance is the phenomenon of one _____of a gene on a chromosome over-riding the effect of a _____ allele of the ____ gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

Answer 30

allele different same

Question 31

How do different types of cells know which types of proteins they must manufacture?

Answer 31

Gene expression

Question 32

Gene expressions contains 2 major steps which are?

Answer 32

Transcription Translation

Question 33

During DNA replication, each of the two parental strands serve as a ____ for the synthesis of a ______ strand.

Answer 33

templates complementary

Question 34

Each molecule generated by the replication process contains one intact _____ strand and one newly ______.

Answer 34

parental synthesized strand

Question 35

What are the types of mutations?

Answer 35

Base substitutions Deletions Insertions

Question 36

Base substitutions: Single base substitutions are called _____. What is transition? What is transversion?

Answer 36

point mutation Transition occurs when a purine is substituted with another purine / pyrimidine is substituted with another pyrimidine Transversion occurs when a purine is substituted with pyrimidine / pyrimidine is substituted with a purine

Question 37

Base substitution may lead to (3):

Answer 37

Silent mutation - if a codon is changed to one that encodes the same AA and causes no change in the protein produced Nonsense mutation -if the substitution results in the change of an AA coding codon to a single 'stop' codon, leading to a non-functional protein. Missense mutation -if a codon is changed to one that encodes a different AA.

Question 38

Deletion resulting in ______, where one or more _____ are ___ from the DNA.

Answer 38

frameshift base pairs lost

Question 39

Insertions is the ____ of _____ base pairs.

Answer 39

insertion additional