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Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) > L6: Gastrointestinal Toxicants (Martyniuk) > Flashcards

L6: Gastrointestinal Toxicants (Martyniuk) Flashcards

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1
Q

common source of zinc

A

pennies

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2
Q

NSAIDS MOA

A
  • act on COX 1 and/or 2 pathways
  • inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins (which protect gastric mucosa)
  • decrease renal blood flow
  • cause gastric ulceration
  • uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at high doses –> increased lactic acid, metabolic acidosis
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3
Q

which NSAID are dogs most sensitive to?

A

ibuprofen

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4
Q

which NSAID are cats most sensitive to?

A

aspirin (due to lack of glucuronidation)

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5
Q

Which pathway, COX-1 or 2 is constitutive (always on)? What does it control?

A

COX-1

  • homeostasis
  • protection of gastric mucosa
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6
Q

Which pathway COX 1 or 2 is inducible? What does it control?

A

COX-2; mediates pain, inflammation, fever

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7
Q

Clinical effects of NSAID toxicity

A
  • vasoconstrictive acute renal failure
  • acute interstitial nephritis
  • fluid/electrolyte imbalances
  • renal papillary necrosis
  • chronic renal failure
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8
Q

acute aspirin toxicity symptoms

A
  • nausea, vomiting, anorexia
  • fever, resp. stimulation
  • depression, lethargy, seizure, coma
  • acidosis with anion gap
  • reduced renal flow, renal failure
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9
Q

chronic aspirin toxicity symptoms

A
  • gastric ulcer
  • anemia, bone marrow depression
  • Heinz bodies, thrombocytopenia
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10
Q

Dx of NSAID toxicity

A
  • Hx/CS
  • anion gap
  • inc. liver enzymes, jaundice
  • dec. blood clotting, inc. bleeding time
  • acute renal failure: casts, inc. BUN/creat.
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11
Q

Tx of NSAID toxicity

A
  • induce emesis and activated charc.
  • tx acidosis, correct electrolytes/glucose
  • sucralfate or H2 blocker for ulcers
  • DA or dobutamine to inc. renal blood flow
  • diuresis to maintain urine flow
  • dextrose w/insulin to tx hyperkalemia
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12
Q

misoprostol

A

prostaglandin analog that protects GI tract

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13
Q

arsenic sources

A

(#1 priority pollutant)

-insecticides, medicide, food production, electronics, shellfish, water

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14
Q

which is more toxic: inorganic or organic arsenic?

A

inorganic (10x)

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15
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenicals: ARSENITES (+3)

A

ARSENITES: bind to -SH groups and cause enzyme inhibition; effect protein function and are assoc. with blood problems
-cause toxicity to GI epithelium and capillary endothelium

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16
Q

MOA of inorganic arsenicals: ARSENATES (+5)

A

ARSENATES: substitute for phosphate and uncouple oxidative phosphorylation ; assoc. with mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of electron transport chain –> CNS problems
-cause toxicity to GI epithelium and capillary endothelium

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17
Q

Are inorganic arsenicals absorbed/excreted rapidly?

A

yes for both

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18
Q

inorganic arsenicals is a problem mostly with what species?

A

cattle and dogs

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19
Q

signs of ACUTE inorganic arsenic poisoning

A

Acute exposure:

  • sudden death
  • abd pain, colic
  • weakness
  • salivation, vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • hypotension
  • dehydration
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20
Q

signs of SUBACUTE inorganic arsenic poisoning

A
  • live for 1-3d
  • depressed, colic
  • watery diarrhea
  • PU/PD
  • dehydration
  • posterior paresis
  • poor perfusion
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21
Q

lesions assoc. with inorganic arsenic toxicity

A
  • no lesions if very high exposure
  • brick red gut
  • fluid GI contents
  • soft yellow liver
  • congested lungs
  • damage to glomerulus and tubules
  • no hemorrhage
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22
Q

Dx of inorganic arsenic toxicity

A
  • sudden death of animal, esp. near water source
  • arsenic in liver/kidney >5ppm
  • arsenic in stomach/vomitus
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23
Q

Tx of inorganic arsenic tox.

Study These Flashcards
A
  • GI decon
  • demulcents to protect injured mucosa
  • chelation therapy (binds arsenic)
  • fluids with B vitamins, electrolytes, dextrose for shock/urine flow
24
Q

Zinc sources

Study These Flashcards
A

galvanized metals, pennies, sunscreen, cold meds, herbals, paint, etc.

25
main role of zinc in body
antioxidant response; an important cofactor for enzymes used in the mitigation of oxidative stress
26
Symptoms of acute zinc toxicity
oxidative damage/hemolysis --> v, depression, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, pancreatitis, lesions
27
in low pH environment, zinc forms zinc salts and interacts with GI mucosa to cause problems
:)
28
acute zinc toxicity occurs most often in which animals?
dogs, aquatic animals
29
chronic zinc toxicity occurs most often in which animals?
cattle
30
symptoms of CHRONIC zinc toxicity
bloating, d, PU, anorexia, hemolytic anemia, lamenss, lesions
31
Dx of zinc toxicity
- serum/liver zinc elevated - dec. PCV, regenerative anemia - liver/kid/pancreatic enzymes - hemoglobinuria - rads for hardware ingestion
32
Tx of zinc toxicity
- remove FB - emesis - fluids - increase gastric pH** - chelation with CaEDTA or d-penicillamine - proton-pump inhibitors or H2 blockers
33
4th most common group of toxins the Animal Poison Control Center receives calls for
household chemicals:
34
Most to least toxic household chemicals
1) ammonia 2) toilet bowl cleaner 3) disinfectants 4) automatic dishwasher detergent 5) bleach 6) soaps/detergents
35
tx of soap/shampoo tox.
dilute with milk or water | -rarely fatal
36
tx of bleach tox.
- dilute with milk/water - emesis, lavage (except if very caustic) - act. charc., cathartics (except if very caustic) * toxicity due to alkalinity*
37
2 types of disinfectants
Phenols | Pine oils
38
Phenol MOA
denatures and precipitates cellular proteins thus destroying all contacted cells
39
Pine oil MOA
directly irritating to mm. Cats more susceptible because detoxified by glucuronidation!
40
CS of phenol tox.
- corrosive burns of oral-esophageal pathway | - v, hypersalivation, ataxia, panting --> shock, arrhythmia, MetHb, hepatic/renal damage, coma
41
CS of Pine oil tox.
-nausea, hypersalivation, v, abd. pain, ataxia, hypotension, resp. depression, acute renal failure, pulm. edema
42
Tx of phenol tox.
- demulcents (milk/eggs) - gastric lavage, emesis, act. charc. if no burns - supportive therapy (fluids/resp. support) - methylene blue for MetHb
43
Tx of Pine oil tox.
- dilute with milk, egg white, water - emesis and lavage CONTRAINDICATED due to aspiration pneumonia - follow dilution w/ act. charc. or cathartic - supportive therapy (renal perfusion, acid/base and electrolyte balance)
44
toxicity of automatic dishwasher detergents due to:
high alkalinity
45
Tx of dishwasher detergent tox.
- dilute with milk/water - analgesics - steroids for inflammation
46
toxicity of toilet bowl cleaner due to:
high acidity
47
tx of toilet bowl cleaner tox.
- dilute with milk/water - steroids if stricture possible - emesis, lavage, act. charc./catharsis CONTRAINDICATED
48
ammonia/oven cleaner MOA
strong base causes caustic ulceration
49
tx of ammonia, oven cleaners
dilute with milk/water, steroids
50
What foods contain Phytoestrogens? Why?**
- beans, lentils, oats, carrots, sesame seeds | - plant defensive mech. to disrupt repro capabilities of their predators
51
Zearalenone chars.
- type of phytoestrogen - a mycotoxin/metabolite of Fusarium spp. (grains) - heat stable and resistant to most mold retardants - affects most animals (pigs, cattle, sheep)
52
which animals resistant to zearalenone?
chickens
53
Zearalenone MOA
estrogen receptor agonist --> "hyperestrogen" syndrome
54
Symptoms of zearalenone intoxication
GILTS: swelling/edema of vulva, vaginal/rectal prolapse, ovarian atrophy, mammary enlargement BOARS: testicular atrophy, decreased testosterone BARROWS: mammary enlargement SOWS: anestrus, small litters due to abortion, pseudopregnancy, weak piglets *similar symptoms in cattle/sheep*
55
Dx/Tx of Zearalenone
Dx: detect in feed Tx: change feed; act. charc. or high fiber may reduce elimination due to extensive enterohepatic recycling

Toxicology 5172 (Fall 2014) (8 decks)

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