L7. Exercise and metabolic control in type II diabetes

Question 1

What is the primary role of exercise in type 2 diabetes management?

Answer 1

To improve glycemic control and reduce insulin resistance

Question 2

What is insulin resistance?

Answer 2

Reduced glucose uptake in response to insulin, common in type 2 diabetes

Question 3

How does insulin facilitate glucose uptake in muscle?

Answer 3

By phosphorylating Akt and TBC1D4, allowing GLUT-4 translocation

Question 4

What role does GLUT-4 play in glucose regulation?

Answer 4

It transports glucose into muscle cells from the bloodstream

Question 5

How does exercise promote glucose uptake independently of insulin?

Answer 5

Through AMPK activation, which increases GLUT-4 translocation

Question 6

What is the primary molecular adaptation in muscles after regular exercise?

Answer 6

Increased mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT-4 content

Question 7

What is the gold standard for measuring insulin sensitivity?

Answer 7

The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test

Question 8

How does resistance training improve glycemic control?

Answer 8

By increasing muscle mass and glycogen storage capacity

Question 9

Why is high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effective for diabetes management?

Answer 9

It improves insulin sensitivity with a reduced time commitment

Question 10

What is the effect of exercise on fasting plasma glucose?

Answer 10

It reduces fasting glucose levels by increasing insulin sensitivity

Question 11

How does skeletal muscle respond to a single bout of exercise?

Answer 11

With increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

Question 12

What happens to glucose metabolism during high-intensity exercise?

Answer 12

Splanchnic glucose production increases to meet muscular demand

Question 13

What is the relationship between sedentary behavior and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 13

Increased sedentary behavior elevates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Question 14

What are the ADA recommendations for aerobic exercise in diabetes?

Answer 14

At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity per week

Question 15

What is the effect of muscle contractions on glucose uptake?

Answer 15

They amplify glucose uptake independent of insulin

Question 16

Why is glucose uptake impaired in insulin-resistant individuals?

Answer 16

Due to increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1

Question 17

What are the long-term benefits of combining aerobic and resistance training?

Answer 17

Enhanced glycemic control and improved cardiovascular health

Question 18

How does exercise prevent fatty liver in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 18

By reducing de novo lipogenesis and hepatic triglyceride content

Question 19

What role does AMPK play in exercise-mediated glucose uptake?

Answer 19

It activates GLUT-4 translocation to facilitate glucose entry into cells

Question 20

What is a common molecular defect in type 2 diabetic muscle?

Answer 20

Impaired phosphorylation of TBC1D4 by insulin signaling pathways

Question 21

How can high-intensity exercise reduce postprandial hyperglycemia?

Answer 21

By improving glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

Question 22

What is the impact of exercise timing on glycemic control?

Answer 22

Exercise after meals improves postprandial glucose regulation

Question 23

What is the relationship between physical activity and HbA1c levels?

Answer 23

Regular physical activity reduces HbA1c levels significantly

Question 24

What is the effect of exercise on mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 24

It enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic flexibility

Question 25

Why is resistance training important for older adults with diabetes?

Answer 25

It prevents sarcopenia and improves glucose disposal capacity

Question 26

What adaptations occur in skeletal muscle with exercise training?

Answer 26

Increased GLUT-4 content, capillary density, and enzyme activity

Question 27

What is the additive effect of combining insulin and exercise?

Answer 27

Increased phosphorylation of TBC1D4 and enhanced glucose uptake

Question 28

What is the relationship between muscle mass and glucose metabolism?

Answer 28

Greater muscle mass correlates with improved glucose disposal

Question 29

What is the role of aerobic exercise in cardiovascular health for diabetics?

Answer 29

It reduces cardiovascular risk factors and improves lipid profiles

Question 30

How does exercise intensity affect glucose uptake?

Answer 30

Higher intensities increase glucose uptake but may elevate plasma glucose

Question 31

What is the significance of breaking up sedentary behavior in diabetes?

Answer 31

It improves glycemic control and reduces cardiovascular risk

Question 32

How long do the benefits of a single exercise bout last in diabetics?

Answer 32

Up to 48-72 hours for improved insulin sensitivity

Question 33

What is the impact of prolonged inactivity on exercise adaptations?

Answer 33

Exercise-induced adaptations can be lost within 14 days of bedrest

Question 34

How does type 2 diabetes accelerate biological aging?

Answer 34

It reduces muscle mass and metabolic flexibility, worsening glycemic control

Question 35

What is the effect of exercise on toxic lipid intermediates?

Answer 35

It reduces their accumulation, improving insulin sensitivity

Question 36

Why is physical activity cost-effective for diabetes management?

Answer 36

It reduces medication reliance and healthcare costs

Question 37

What is the impact of exercise on inflammatory markers in diabetes?

Answer 37

It decreases inflammation, enhancing insulin signaling pathways

Question 38

What molecular adaptations are triggered by resistance training?

Answer 38

Improved TBC1D4 phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis

Question 39

What is the relationship between AMPK and ATP turnover during exercise?

Answer 39

AMPK activation increases ATP regeneration for muscle contractions

Question 40

How does exercise improve metabolic flexibility in diabetics?

Answer 40

It enhances the ability to switch between fuel sources based on demand