L7 - Gross Anatomy of the Head and Neck

Question 1

What comprises the superficial structures of the head?

Answer 1

1) Skin + Glands

2) Muscles of Facial Expression

Question 2

What are the 3 types of glands that are associated with the superficial structures of the head?

Answer 2

Salivary
Sweat
Lacrimal

Question 3

What do the muscles of facial expression do?

Answer 3

Move the lips, nostrils, eyelids and ears

Question 4

Which cranial nerve provides the motor supply to the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 4

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)

Question 5

Which cranial nerve provides the sensory supply to the superficial structures of the head?

Answer 5

Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal)

Question 6

What is a pro and con of the head being very vascularized?

Answer 6

Con - Lots of bleeding can occur with injury

Pro - Rapid healing due to good blood supply

Question 7

What is fascia?

Answer 7

Loose connective tissue

Question 8

Why is there extensive venous drainage systems present in the head and neck?

Answer 8

The head/face is highly vascularized so there needs to be an extensive venous drainage to return the blood back to the heart.

Question 9

What is the name of the vein that drains the tongue?

Answer 9

Lingual Vein

Question 10

What is the name of the vein in the neck that is formed by the connection of two vessels and drains the blood from the entire head?

Answer 10

External Jugular Vein

Question 11

Why is the facial nerve easily damaged?

Answer 11

Lies very close to the skin

Question 12

What is the name of the large jaw closing muscle?

Answer 12

Masseter

Question 13

Which two vessels in the head form the jugular vein?

Answer 13

1) Maxillary Vein

2) Linguofacial Vein

Question 14

Which two salivary glands are seen on the lateral aspect of the face?

Answer 14

Mandibular Salivary Gland

Parotid Salivary Gland

Question 15

What are the superficial structures of the lateral aspect of the face (List).

Answer 15

Muscles of Facial Expression 
Parotid and Mandibular Salivary Glands 
Mandibular Lymph Nodes 
External Jugular Vein + its branches 
Masseter Muscle 
Facial Nerve (VII) 
Trigeminal Nerve (V) - some branches

Question 16

What is the difference in the salivary glands of herbivores vs. carnivores?

Answer 16

Herbivores have larger salivary glands and more salivary production - aids in digestion of fibrous food (hay)

Carnivores have smaller and compact salivary glands.

Question 17

What is unique about the appearance of the parotid and mandibular glands in a horse compared to a dog?

Answer 17

They are hard to distinguish in a horse (appear as one large gland).

Question 18

Which salivary gland is located closer to the ear?

Answer 18

Parotid gland

Question 19

Which structures of the immune system are palpable during examination and are present in the head?

Answer 19

Mandibular lymph nodes

Question 20

Where does the mandibular salivary gland lie?

Answer 20

Lies between the maxillary and linguofacial veins.

Question 21

Which vessels in the head/neck are considered surgical landmarks?

Answer 21

Maxillary and linguofacial veins

Question 22

What are the three principal branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 22

1) Opthalmic
2) Maxillary
3) Mandibular

Question 23

Which branches of the trigeminal nerve are exclusively sensory?

Answer 23

1) Opthalmic

2) Maxillary

Question 24

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve is both sensory and motor?

Answer 24

Mandibular

Question 25

Which muscles are considered the jaw closing muscles?

Answer 25

Masseter Temporalis Digastricus Pterygoid

Question 26

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies the jaw closing muscles?

Answer 26

Motor component of the mandibular branch

Question 27

From where does the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve enter the mandible?

Answer 27

Medial side of the Ramus | Runs within the bone

Question 28

T/F - The branches of the trigeminal nerve (V) will be seen easily upon initial dissection of the head?

Answer 28

False - located deep in the position and are hidden away behind the jaw closing muscles

Question 29

What are the branches of the facial nerve (VII)?

Answer 29

1) Auriculopalpebral 2) Dorsal Buccal 3) Ventral Buccal

Question 30

Which branches of the facial nerve supply motor fibres to the facial muscles?

Answer 30

Dorsal Buccal | Ventral Buccal

Question 31

What is the stylomastoid foramen?

Answer 31

Small opening in skull where the Facial nerve exits

Question 32

Which cranial nerve curves around the ear canal?

Answer 32

Facial Nerve (VII)

Question 33

What does the lacrimal gland do?

Answer 33

Produces tears

Question 34

Fibres from which branch of the ANS innervate the salivary glands?

Answer 34

Parasympathetic fibres

Question 35

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

Answer 35

Atlas

Question 36

What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?

Answer 36

Axis

Question 37

What makes the atlas unique?

Answer 37

Long wings projecting laterally

Question 38

What makes the axis unique?

Answer 38

Extended spinous process

Question 39

What is the standard number of cervical vertebrae in domestic mammals?

Answer 39

7

Question 40

What is the name of the joint at which the atlas articulates with the skull?

Answer 40

Atlanto-occipital joint

Question 41

What is the significance of the atlanto-occipital joint in small animals?

Answer 41

Area where CSF can be collected for diagnostics.

Question 42

What type of movement does the atlanto-occipital joint allow?

Answer 42

Up-down movement of the head (nodding)

Question 43

Which joint allows the side-to-side movement of the head?

Answer 43

Atlanto-axial joint (between the atlas and axis)

Question 44

Why is it difficult to feel the spinous processes of the vertebrae in the neck in most animals?

Answer 44

The neck contains epaxial muscles that are well developed. | - lie dorsal to the transverse processes of vertebrae

Question 45

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

Answer 45

Support structure that minimizes the energy required to lift head from the ground - reduces muscle contraction

Question 46

Which species lack a nuchal ligament?

Answer 46

Pigs | Cats

Question 47

What is the nuchal ligament composed of?

Answer 47

connective tissue fibres

Question 48

In dogs, where does the nuchal ligament run?

Answer 48

From the axis to the thoracic vertebrae.

Question 49

In horses, where does the nuchal ligament run?

Answer 49

From the skull to the withers region (dorsal)

Question 50

What is present between the vertebral spines and nuchal ligament in a horse?

Answer 50

Synovial bursa