L7 Organs & systems

Question 1

define ventilation

Answer 1

exchange of gases between medium & cell through diffusion, currents required for oxygen to flow to/from membrane

Question 2

define diffusion

Answer 2

movement of particles from area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 3

identify the purpose of circulatory systems

Answer 3

to link exchange surfaces with cells & tissues throughout body

Question 4

compare open vs closed circulatory systems

Answer 4

open - large volume of hemolymph fluid, low pressure system, most invertebrates
closed - small volume of blood, high pressure system, vertebrates

Question 5

compare osmoconformers vs osmoregulators

Answer 5

conformers - isosmotic with surroundings, do not regulate osmolarity, may also ionoregulate
regulators - expend energy to control water uptake/loss in environment

Question 6

compare hypoosmotic vs hyperosmotic vs isosmotic

Answer 6

hypoosmotic - lower osmolarity / salt
hyperosmotic - higher osmolarity
isosmotic - equal osmolarity - water

Question 7

define ionoregulate

Answer 7

increase solutes to conform with outside

Question 8

identify & describe 3 nitrogenous wastes

Answer 8

ammonia - least expensive, aquatic animals
urea - less toxic but expensive, mammals/amphibians
uric acid - much less toxic (reduces water loss) but most expensive, reptiles/birds

Question 9

diet provides:

Answer 9

chemical energy -> ATP via mitachondria
organic building blocks -> organic molecules
essential nutrients required by cells

Question 10

identify the 4 stages of food processing

Answer 10

ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination

Question 11

define ingestion

Answer 11

intake of food

Question 12

compare the two modes of digestion

Answer 12

both break down food to absorb
mechanical - chewing
chemical - splitting into molecules to pass through membranes

Question 13

define absorption in food processing

Answer 13

uptake of nutrients by body cells

Question 14

define elimination in food processing

Answer 14

passage of undigested material out of digestive system

Question 15

compare active vs passive ventilation

Answer 15

active - animals create ventilatory currents, more energy but reliable
passive - environmental currents induce flow

Question 16

define unidirectional active ventilation

Answer 16

air/water is pumped over membrane in one way

Question 17

define tidal ventilation

Answer 17

air/water alternatively flows to/from membrane via same passages (mammalian lungs)

Question 18

define nondirectional ventilation

Answer 18

air/water flows across membrane in many directions

Question 19

identify 3 different respiratory structures

Answer 19

gills in aquatic animals
tracheal systems in invertebrates
lungs in terrestrial animals

Question 20

explain the process of respiration in gills

Answer 20

body outfoldings create large surface area for gas exchange, must involve movement
countercurrent exchange system

Question 21

explain the countercurrent exchange system

Answer 21

blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills, blood is less saturated with oxygen than water it meets

Question 22

explain the process of respiration in tracheal systems

Answer 22

tiny branching tubes penetrate the body to supply oxygen from air directly to body cells

Question 23

explain the process of respiration in lungs

Answer 23

air passes through pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi/bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange occurs)
oxygen diffuses in capillaries, co2 -> lungs

Question 24

what are capillaries made of?

Answer 24

alveoli, which are made up of alveolus sacs

Question 25

compare negative vs positive pressure breathing

Answer 25

negative - sucking air in (mammals) positive - forcing air down trachea (amphibians)

Question 26

give examples of underwater adaptations for breathing in diving mammals

Answer 26

storing/stockpiling oxygen decreasing blood supply to muscles get oxygen from fermentation in body

Question 27

define respiratory pigments & provide examples

Answer 27

proteins that transport & increase amount of oxygen blood can carry e.g. hemocyanin, haemoglobin

Question 28

____ take blood away from the heart while ____ take blood to the heart

Answer 28

arteries . . . veins

Question 29

blood is made up of:

Answer 29

plasma erythrocytes (red blood cells) carriers of oxygen leukocytes (white blood cells) for defense platelets/thrombocytes for coagulation

Question 30

describe the processes the take place in the lymphatic system

Answer 30

fluid is lost out of capillaries during cell exchange -> lymphatic systems -> neck veins keeps pathogens from entering blood & produce/distributes white blood cells

Question 31

define osmoregulation

Answer 31

the maintenance of constant osmotic pressure in fluids of an organism, by control of water/salt concentrations

Question 32

what happens to blood cells in hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic vs isosmotic solutions?

Answer 32

hyper - cells shrivel / too much salt hypo - cells swell & burst / too much water isosmotic - normal / equal

Question 33

the form that an animal's nitrogenous wastes take reflects its _____ & ______

Answer 33

phylogeny . . . habitat

Question 34

identify the purpose of excretory systems

Answer 34

to refine filtrate from body fluids

Question 35

compare protonephridia vs metanephridia vs malphigian tublues (exceretory systems)

Answer 35

protonephridia - dead-end tubules network connected to external openings (planaria) metanephridia - produce dilute urine by collecting fluids through tubules (earthworms) malphigian tubules - produce dry waste by removing wastes from surrounding fluids (insects)

Question 36

animal cells take in oxygen & sugars to metabolise them into ____

Answer 36

ATP / adenotriphosphate / form of energy

Question 37

identify the 4 classes of essential nutrients

Answer 37

essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, & minerals

Question 38

identify the purpose of the duodenum in the small intestine

Answer 38

gets digestive enzymes from other organs to finish chemical digestion

Question 39

identify the purpose of peristalsis

Answer 39

to push food down from pharynx to esophagus

Question 40

provide examples on feeding adaptations in vertebrates

Answer 40

dentition, stomach & intestine, expendable stomach