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Small Animal Pathology (Spring 2016) > L7: Pathology Of The Resp. System (Abbott) > Flashcards

L7: Pathology Of The Resp. System (Abbott) Flashcards

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1
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A
  • made up of ciliated epithelium + goblet cells
  • traps and removes foreign particles
  • target of most viruses
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2
Q

URT Anomalies

A
  • Cysts
  • Ciliary dyskinesia (immotile cilia syndrome) –> chronic recurrent pneumonia, infertility
  • Brachycephalic airway syndrome
  • Tracheal collapse
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3
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome components**

A
  • stenotic nares
  • elongated soft palate
  • everted laryngeal saccules
  • hypoplastic trachea

-can –> laryngeal edema

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4
Q

Metabolic problems of URT

A
  • calcification/metastatic mineralization –> gritty texture, raised firm plaques/streaks
  • due to hypervit. D, renal failure, hypercalcemia of malignancy
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5
Q

Chars. Of Primary nasal tumors

A
  • epithelial and mesenchymal
  • dolicocephalic breeds
  • usually benign
  • CS and pathology similar to infectious rhinitis** (epistaxis, nasal d/c)
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6
Q

Ddx of primary nasal tumor

A

Infectious rhinitis**
FB
Fungal granuloma

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7
Q

Non-neoplastic masses of the URT**

A
  • Polyps in the nasopharynx and eustachian tubes(cats)**
  • CS: nasal d/c, sneeze, gag, phonation change
  • may result from inner ear inflammation
  • firm pedunculated nodules
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8
Q

Metastatic neoplasms of the URT

A
  • LSA (cats)
  • OSA
  • Melanoma
  • etc.
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9
Q

Describe nasal aspergillosis

A

White to tan, destroys architecture, locally infiltrative

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10
Q

Describe nasal adenocarcinoma

A

White to tan, irregular, infiltrative

Ddx: cancer, fungus

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11
Q

Describe nasal fibrosarcoma

A
  • white/tan, homogenous, spongy, expansile, destroys bone

- football shape

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12
Q

Describe chondrosarcoma in URT

A

Red to pink, mottled, multinodular, gelatinous

Ddx: cryptococcus (would be more friable and irregular)

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13
Q

Viral URD in cats

A

-80% of cases = FHV or FCV
-FHV:
oral ulcers RARE*
Usually only URT involved
Infects epithelial cells of the resp. Tract
-FCV:
Less severe URT signs
Oral and nasal ulcerations common*
More commonly causes necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia
More virulent strain causing disseminate hepatocellular necrosis and mild inflammatory infiltration
Pneumonia more common
-Chlamydophila causes major conjunctivitis

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14
Q

CIRD causes

A 
Parainfluenza virus
Adenovirus 
Bordetella
Mycoplasma
Etc.
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15
Q

Canine parainfluenza virus chars.

A
  • causes minimal rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia
  • replicates in resp. Epithelial cells and macs
  • concurrent infection w/ distemper, adenovirus
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16
Q

Chars. Of Canine Adenovirus

A
  • replicates in bronchiolar epithelium**

- produces a severe necrotizing and proliferative bronchitis and bronchiolitis**

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17
Q

Describe nasal aspergillosis

A
  • necrotic center
  • bone destruction
  • friable
  • tan to green/gray
  • caseous
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18
Q

Common pathogenesis for most resp. Viruses***

A
  • disrupt defense mechanism (infection epi cells and macs)
  • loss of ciliated cells, epithelial lining, decreased mucous layer
  • alter Ag presentation and cytokine release of macs

—> increased susceptibility to secondary infection***

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19
Q

Fungal URT pathogens

A

Rhinosporidium
Cryptococcus
Penicillium
Aspergillus

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20
Q

Describe rhinosporidiosis

A
  • multinodular, red

- Df: adenocarcinoma, SCC, hemangiosarcoma

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21
Q

Key feature of oslerus osleri

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A

Nodules at bifurcation of the trachea

CS: dry chronic cough

22
Q

3 lung systems

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A
  • Conductive
  • Transitional
  • Exchange
23
Q

Causes of mineralization of the lung

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A

Chronic hypercalcemia due to uremia or hypervitaminosis D

24
Q

Describe endogenous lipid pneumonia

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A

Tan, expansive, greasy, friable

Cause: trauma or free radicals cause cascading effect of cell necrosis and lipid release from cell membranes

25
Aspiration of hairball medication -->
EXOGENOUS lipid pneumonia
26
Primary epithelial neoplasms of the lung
- rare, but almost always malignant - older animals - can met to LN, airways, exfoliative carcinomatosis - Bronchogenic carcinoma (most common in dogs) - Bronchiolar carcinoma - Alveolar carcinoma - Multipotent: Bronchioalveolar carcinoma - Bronchiolar gland: Adenocarcinoma (most common in cats)
27
Describe primary epithelial neoplasms
Single large nodule, white/tan/gray, smooth to umbilicated, invasive and expansive
28
Primary MESENCHYMAL tumors of the lung
OSA Chondrosarcoma Granular cell tumor Undifferentiated sarcoma
29
Metastatic neoplasms of the lung
OSA HSA Mammary gland carcinoma Blood borne mets
30
Pulmonary carcinoma can met to the digits in cats
Primary complaint = lameness, without respiratory signs**
31
Describe HSA mets in lung
Multifocal raised nodules, red to dark red, bleed if cut
32
Feline Asthma
- Type I hypersensitivity --> Recurrent episodes of bronchoconstriction, edema and inc. mucous production - CS: periodic cough, dyspnea - idiopathic - lower airway dz
33
Causes of viral pneumonia in dogs
``` Distemper Parainfluenza CAV-2 CHV-1 Influenza ```
34
Pathogenesis of Canine Distemper***
1) oronasal route of infection 2) replicates in lymphoid tissues/tonsils and alveolar macs 3) migrates to lungs hematogenously and causes DIFFUSE INTERSTITAL PNEUMONIA** 5) affects resp/aimentary/urogenital tract --> CS --> subacute encephalitis --> death or recovery * synergistic concurrent infection w/ CPiV, CAV2, Bordetella - affects URT and LRT
35
URT lesions of distemper
``` Rhinitis (mucopurulent and erosive) Conjunctivitis Pharyngitis Tracheitis Bronchitis ```
36
LRT lesions of distemper
Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Bronchointerstitial pneumonia (+/- 2ary bacterial pneumonia)
37
Non-respiratory lesions of distemper**
``` Gastroenteritis Lymphoid atrophy** Dermatitis, Hyperkeratosis Conjunctivitis, Retinitis Cystitis, urethritis Encephalomyelitis** Ameloblast necrosis, enamel hypoplasia ```
38
Dx of distemper
- necropsy - histo - Ag detection in lung, stomach, urinary bladder**
39
Bronchopneumonia MOA***
Found in cranial lung lobes as it follows path of least resistance once mucocilliary escalator gone. Causes local lesions Route of exposure: aspiration or inhalation
40
Chars. Of CHV-1**
- generalized dz** - multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis** - rhinotracheitis in older dogs - 2ary bronchopneumonia
41
Bacterial pneumonia
- usually BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (cranioventral, inhalation, suppurative, granulomatous) - can be EMBOLIC to INTERSTITIAL (diffuse, multifocal)
42
CHars. Of INTERSTITAL pneumonia***
Diffuse Non-collapsing lungs Hematogenous spread (most likely)
43
Causes of bacterial pneumonia
Bordetella Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Strep, etc.
44
Chars. Of mycotic pneumonia
``` Multifocal Granulomatous Inhaled or hematogenous spread Tracheobronchial LN enlarged Nodular to multinodular Tan Caseous Mottled ``` Blasto, Histo, Coccidiodes, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus
45
Mycetoma
A mycotic lesion that looks like a tumor
46
Parasitic pneumonia
1) Heartworm --> endarteritis, possibly hypersensitivity, lung infarcts - can cause granulomatous pneumonia 2) Filaroides hirthi (dogs) - lung worms IN bronchioles and alveoli - eosinophilic nodules 3) Toxoplasma --> interstitial pneumonia via hematogenous 4) Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat) --> multifocal subpleural granulomas, snail IH 5) Paragonimus kellicotti --> multiple large cysts, pneumothorax, dyspnea, PTE, crayfish IH for flukes
47
Toxic pneumonia causes
1) Paraquat - activated by pulmonary enzymes - causes necrosis of alveolar cells, diffuse interstitial fibrosis with hematogenous spread, diffuse lung enlargement 2) uremia 3) antineoplastic human drugs
48
Ruptured lymph vessel --> chylothorax
:)
49
Nocardia, Actinomyces, Bacteroides --> pyothorax, sulfur granules
:)
50
Fxs of Upper Resp. System**
- filtering of inhaled debris - warming of air - removal of inhaled particles (mucociliary escalator)

Small Animal Pathology (Spring 2016) (3 decks)

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