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History 115 > L8&9 > Flashcards

L8&9 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is “scientia”?

A

In English “Knowledge”

● Started as a way of gathering knowledge

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2
Q

Who wrote”The social origins of modern science”

A

Edgar Zilsel

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3
Q

Why Edgar Zilsel was removed from history, and how did he die ?

A

Removed from historiography because he was accused on being a communist - he committed suicide

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4
Q

When did Copernicus died?

A

On 1543 , and on the same day his books was published.

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5
Q

Who wrote Almagest ?

A

Claudius Ptolemy

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6
Q

Where and what did Nicolaus Copernicus study ?

A

Torun - University of Krakow
Degree in medicine at Padua
not good at mathematics, good at observation

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7
Q

Who was the first to actually come up with the heliocentric universe?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

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8
Q

What did Copernicus do with Plato and Ptolemy’s ideas?

A

Improved Ptolemy’s system to make it work with Platonic

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9
Q

What book did Copernicus published?

A

Copernican Revolution

-sun center of the universe, no epicycles

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10
Q

What did Copernicus publish at his death?

A

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium

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11
Q

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Copernicus book) argued that …?

A

Book is argued to have started scientific revolution by questioning ancient laws of nature

(prof disagrees - more than one book that caused the revolution)

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12
Q

What best describes Richard Wallingford ?

A

Monk

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13
Q

What did Nicholas Oresme argue?

A

● Universe - machine (clock)
● God-supreme watchmaker
● World and universe are perfect machines

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14
Q

What led to the mechanical philosophy and worldview?

A

Galileo’s cosmos and Newtonian laws of motion

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15
Q

Whose ideas did Galileo oppose and who did he support?

A 
Aristotelian logic (very important - essentially was considered questioning the Roman Catholic Church)
Supported Copernican heliocentrism
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16
Q

What did Galileo promote?

A

● Promoted repeatable experimentation

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17
Q

What did Galileo support ?

A

Copernican heliocentrism - Openly stated he was Copernican (who was banished by the Church)

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18
Q

What did Galileo reject ?

A

Rejected Ptolemy’s system

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19
Q

Did Galileo invented telescope?

A

No, it was a myth

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20
Q

What Galileo did with telescope?

A

Improved it, (x30 - could look farther than anyone else).

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21
Q

What book did Galileo published ?

A

“Starry Messenger”
published what he saw with telescope:
○ Sun spots
○ Planets are not perfect spheres as Plato argued
○ Earth moves around the sun, not the other way around

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22
Q

What was important about “ Starry Messenger”

A

○ Against Aristotelian & Ptolemaic systems

○ Accused of heresy - missing one component - GOD

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23
Q

How did Galileo avoid death?

A

Social connections - Pope would intervene on Galileo’s behalf

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24
Q

What was Dialogue (1632)?

A

book was written by Galileo !

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25
what is the outlines of Dialogue ?
○ Aristotelian, Ptolemaic and Copernican astronomers | ○ Like a play/comedy - Ptolemaic & Aristotelian astronomer were idiots
26
What happened to Galileo in 1633?
called for the Holy Inquisition
27
What questions did Galileo fail to answer?
How are we staying on the earth if it's moving so fast (if it is heliocentric)? How can you prove we are moving at great speed?
28
How does Galileo fit the model of a modern scientist?
Defied authority in search for truth, shift the question from why nature works to how it works.
29
What did spoiled meat have to do with the birth of experimentation? There was no (a) refrigeration (b) salt was expensive (c) spices had to be used to make rotten meat taste better
(a) refrigeration (b) salt was expensive (c) spices(imported from east Arab) had to be used to make rotten meat taste better
30
What book was the first to be used as a treatise on making gold?
Physica et Mystica (200 BC)
31
Medieval Alchemy was based on two books ?
(Islamic and Alexandrian)
32
What was Physica et Mystica about?
Recipe book for coloring and dyeing gold (transmutation) but people took it as how to "make" gold instead of "fake" gold
33
Who wrote the "Secrets of Secrets" and what is it about?
Razi Al, 850 AD | ■ About early form of chemistry
34
What were the two goals of Alchemy?
(1) Immortality through producing the "elixir of life"/Philospher's stone (2) Transmutation: transforming base metals into pure gold for trading purposes
35
Who was the last alchemist?
James Price
36
What book did James Price publish, what was its significance?
- "Making Gold from Mercury" - For the first time an alchemist explained the way they did alchemy. - Invited to give a talk by the Royal Society but killed himself
37
What are the four reasons Alchemy is important to modern science?
(1) Much like chemists today, they experimented with substances (2) By 1600's, they were producing useful substances like dyes and perfumes (dyes were expensive from the East) (3) Same underlying principles as chemistry (transformation of substances) (4) Most famous scientists were alchemists
38
What book did Robert Boyle publish ?
Sceptical Chymist - against alchemy | ■ Discovered he was an alchemist - trying to achieve transmutation, elixir of life
39
What did William Gilbert publish?
De Magnate (1600)
40
What was De Magnate and its significance?
Published by William Gilbert, about magnetism and electricity - first time someone openly recorded their experiments - first book on experimentation and repeatable experiments to prove theories
41
What were the 5 rules that Bacon proposed to discover the laws of nature?
1. Repeatable Experiments 2. Reductionism: Break the problem into the smallest problems possible 3. Objectivity: No subjective bias 4. Public witnessing 5. Scientific Publications
42
What did Bacon argue about knowledge?
Knowledge, with the new methodology, is power for the benefit of mankind
43
What was Instauratio Magna (1620)?
book written by Bacon. | ○ New methodology - science-power - give mankind enormous powers, must be used for the benefit of mankind
44
What does Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est mean?
Knowledge is power (for mankind)
45
What did the pillar represent for Bacon?
The limits of the Ancient knowledge
46
What metaphor did the pillar originate from?
Pillar of Hercules which would crush your vessel if you strayed outside of the Mediterranean.
47
How would Bacon argue to pass the pillars?
He argued that to pass these pillar of fate, (i.e. knowledge of Aristotle, Plato) you had to use the new system armed with the Baconian methodology and leave the ancient knowledge (thinkers) behind.
48
What message was sent through Instauratio Magna (Bacon book ) ?
Message: “In order to establish modern science and discover everything there is to discover, we have to go beyond ancient knowledge”
49
What does "Multi pertransibunt et augebitur scientia" mean?
Many will pass and the knowledge will expand.
50
Who was Giordano Bruno and what happened to him?
Italian scholar who said"saying maybe Copernicus was right (heliocentric)" the Copernican model, was burned alive
51
Why was Bacon not burned alive for his essentially direct attacks on the RCC?
Challenged the Aristotlean, Ptolemic and Platonic systems) | He lived in Britain
52
Who said that protestant (Britain) was the place that could have scientific revolution?
Robert Merton
53
What religious movement influenced Britain? How so?
Puritans, openly criticized ancient knowledge as pagan
54
What is milleniarianism?
World coming to an end
55
What were the nine levels of Baconian knowledge collection?
1) Merchants of Light 2) Depredators 3) Mystery Man 4) Pioneers or Miners 5) Compilers 6) Benefactors 7) Lamps 8) Inoculators 9) Interpreters of Nature
56
Who paid for collection of knowledge?
privately funded by the newly formed middle class with a common interest in making money
57
What was the first scientific journal?
Philosophical Transcations (1665)
58
What lead Issac Newton to invent all of his theories?
Plague in Cambridge in 1665
59
What two things did Newton invent?
Fluxions (calculus) and laws of gravity and motion
60
What was 1666 for Newton called?
anno mirabilis
61
What did Newton do that was not generally accepted?
Alchemy
62
Who revealed Newton's involvement in alchemy?
Betty Dobbs. She originally was not able to publish her results because scientists generally accepted that Newton was not involved in alchemy.
63
What was Newton's new religion?
He copied the old and new testament and decided to come up with a new religion where he'd drink the elixir of life (mercury). This made him paranoid.
64
What did Newton publish in 1687? What was its significance?
Principia. The universality of these laws was the impact (they applied to everyone). This led to social changes, "enlightenment".
65
In 1960, what device became the focal point of conflict between Robert Hooke and Newton?
Telescope. A reflective telescope would solve this problem. Newton claims that he built it.
66
What did Newton publish in 1704?
Optics, light and its behavior as small particles
67
What was so interesting about Optics?
- The book was very easy to follow and understand. All the experiments were clearly laid out and easily repeatable - This was a book on how to conduct modern science - This was one of the first scientific books published in English; and since then English became the universal language of science - Everlasting impact; never out of print since 1704.
68
When is the birth of modern science considered to be?
1704
69
What is science?
Science is a standardized method/system for obtaining facts and knowledge.
70
What did experimentation have to do with the industrial revolution?
Experiments with electricity, steam, vacuum led to I.R. and change at a faster pace.

History 115 (1 decks)

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