L9

Question 1

3 EMERGING APPROACHES:

Answer 1

EMERGING APPROACHES:

1. Agile-Stage-Gate Hybrid
2. Lean Start-Up
3. Experimentation Through Prototype Testing

Question 2

AGILE APPROACH: SCRUM

Principles:

Answer 2

Agile-Scrum:
* Time-boxed sprints: Short sprints (2-4 weeks that result in potentially releasable/ working software
* Daily scrum meetings (15 min: past 24h, next 24h, problems)
* Retrospective review meetings (evaluate result per spring, goals for next)

Tools:
* Sprint backlogs (list of product features to be developed in the time frame) based on Product backlog (constantly updated, prioritized list of features for the final product)
* Scrum board (visual display of the status of activities)
* Burndown charts (compares expected progress against actual progress

Roles (sometimes called differently):
* Product owner (manages stakeholders, responsible for project)
* Scrum master (responsible for project team’s daily activities)
* Development team

Question 3

LEAN START-UP

Core Principles

Answer 3

LEAN START-UP

Core Principles

1. Search of a for a scalable and repeatable business model
2. Test hypothesis (early on, with customers)
   - incremental changes (make small adjustments/iterations)
   - or pivot - go to a completely different, fundamental changes
3. Develop MVP  through agile development approach

Question 4

PROTOTYPE TESTING

Answer 4

EXPERIMENTATION THROUGH PROTOTYPE TESTING
* “Protocepts” versus product/service in actual use
o differences for physical products, services, software

• Software can be launched early and often
• Hardware needs to be assembled in a (partially working) prototype
• Services can be ‘played out’
• All these are enabled by digital tools such as CAD/CAM modelling, 3D printing, software compilers

Question 5

ITERATIVE PROTOTYPING:

Answer 5

Runs on concept of Intelligent Failure = Learn about what doesn’t work early on to avoid costly failures Early and quick iterations are more effective and efficient
* Identify what success and failure would look like before launching the test
− Compare actual results with expectations
− Fight confirmation bias Organizations should not punish failure Share what is learned

Question 6

Rapid Validity Testing (RVT) =

+ Who benefits
+ Performance benefits shaped by

Answer 6

Rapid Validity Testing (RVT)
= Associated with higher performance in front- end innovation processes
o Front-End Innovation associated with uncertainty

Who benefits: Organizations facing technological turbulence benefit more

Performance benefits shaped by:
o culture elements:
- Risk-averse organizations benefit more from adopting RVT than risk-affine organizations.
- Organizations with long-term orientation benefited less from adopting RVT

Question 7

Experimentation through analysing USE DATA

Answer 7

Use data in prototyping
Digital trace data can tell what users are actually doing
* Clicks; which features are (not) used;

When products are launched in the market, they continue to generate use data
* Continuous development processes that are supported by agile approaches

Examples:
o A/B testing - enabled by digital trace data

Question 8

DESIGN THINKING

Answer 8

Problem Exploration
= Emphasis is on exploring the problem before attempting to solve it

Problem exploration and ‘structuring the problem’
o Collect additional information to map the “problem space
o Structure the elements of the problem space
o Reframe the problem (problem in context; look ‘behind’ the problem)

Question 9

Design Thinking & Organization Culture

Answer 9

Design Thinking & Organization Culture

Deploying design thinking tools shapes the organizational cultures,
o Contributing elements of
* User-focus
* Openness, risk taking, and collaboration
* Openness to failure, experimentation

Organizational cultures are supporting or impeding design thinking tools