L9 Chemical Pollution Part 2 pesticides/food web/monitoring

Question 1

general overview

Answer 1

1. Biomagnification/Bioaccumulation
2. Pesticide Need and Toxic spills?
3. DDT, pesticide problem + Chlorpyrifos
4. Biomonitoring (4)
5. what biomonoitors used?
6. Compensatory response / Resilience and Recovery
7. Current + Future work

Question 2

Biomag Bipacum
difference
examples that bioMAG (6)

bioac example from fisheries

Answer 2

Biomagnification- increases UP food chain, by eating multiple prey – ie Saithe in fisheries practical
Bioaccumu - indivudal level

dioxins, organochloride ,pesticides DDT , radionuclides , heavy metals TBT antifouling paint

PCBS and Dioxins - linked iwth birt hdefects
Cod liver oil - can be high in PCBs and dioxins

bioaccumulation is contamination levels over tme build up in same organism (ie sandeel, sole – spawning and nesting ground – sandeel burrows and hibernates in sedimentary soil)

Question 3

what are linked with birth defects

Answer 3

PCBs and dioxins

Question 4

Wh ydo we have pesticides ?

Trends of use?

Answer 4

global need to feed 7bn humans
boost yield
remove enermies 9pests /pathogens) to boost indirectly

US $ imports of pestciicde import and production increase betweem 1940-2000

Question 5

pesticide increase in imports and production between

Answer 5

1940 and 2000

Question 6

need to feed

Answer 6

7 billion

Question 7

What can toxic spills tel us? (30

Answer 7

a) can devastat ecosystems
b) Yet much unknown about effects
c) fish kills provide early WARNING

Question 8

DDT main points (4)

Answer 8

Rachel Carson - book
Influence on Policy + sucess?
Human Impact
Evidence (3)

Question 9

DDT Rachel Crason
what does ddt do?
why no song?

Answer 9

Silent Spring

• DDT causes thinning of bird eggs as it bioaccumulates and magnifies through food webs – birds dying so no song

Question 10

DDT - public and policy ? Effective?
increASE BETWEEN
recovery of what (us + uk)

Answer 10

DDT was banned
looking at historical data and occupied territories since 1980-2005 can see a clear increase

Organochlorine impacts and subsequent recovery in American peregrine falcons

Question 11

DDT - human impact

where can we see residues?

Answer 11

residue levels in human adipose tissue

in human milk

Question 12

Pesticide - human impact
USA
UK
JAPAN

Answer 12

• USA can be seen between 1970-1983  DDT declining and low Dieldrin an HCH (BCH)
• UK 1963-1983  DDE dlightly decreseDDT has decreased a lot but HCH and Dieldrin slightly higher levels than us but also stayed the same (note scale shows less than US overall)
• Japan 1976-1985  Can see diedrin stopped in 1977 and can see more PCB and HCH although this is slightly declining (note- scale shows more of each overall) for example staggering 45 mg per KG of DDT in 1976 (v high in com;arison to US and UK)

Question 13

Pesticide human impact what chemicals?

Answer 13

DDT
Dieldrin
HCH
PCB

Question 14

Pesticide evidence (3)

Answer 14

farmland bird declines
pollinators
agric footrpint (pesticide economy)

Question 15

pesticide evidence 1 detail (bird)
birds (6)
total lost?

Answer 15

farmland bird decline
1980-2009
• Falling population amongs 1)starling 2)Tree sparrow 3)Linnet 4)Whinchat 5)Yellow wagtail 6) turtle dove
• Overall PECBMS source shows since 1980 297 million birds have been lost

Question 16

Bird spp falling pops (6)

Answer 16

)starling 2)Tree sparrow 3)Linnet 4)Whinchat 5)Yellow wagtail 6) turtle dove

Question 17

pesticide evidence 2 9pollinators)

Answer 17

Many species pollinate our crops for free but for how much longer?
Honeybees are disappearing from much of Europe – pestcides have been implicated in recent studies

link to handpol
linkt to pear problem

Question 18

pesticicde evidence 3 - global pesticide economy
implications?
trends since 1960?

Answer 18

• implicaions for the lower trophic levels in the world’s food webs
• Billions of USD
Since 1960 can see huge increase in 1)herbicides 2)insecticides 3)fungicides 4)others

Question 19

Pesticide problem (clue- (3) trade off)

what approach is important?
services?
rely on what ?

Answer 19

network based approached to studying ecosystem SERVICE

there are trade offs with agrochemical base food production

cultural/provisioning/ supporting nad rgeulating services rely on
plants
algae
detitirs
Invertebrates, Vertebrates and Apex predators  complex effects on networks in diagram

Question 20

Pesticide problem -

b) what do they do to food webs? who do they knock out?

Answer 20

often knockout the CORE of freshwater food webs

knocks out abundant taxa

Question 21

What is another organophosphate and what does it target?

Answer 21

Chlorpyrifos
common urban organophosphate

leatherjackets - these destroy crops and lawns

Question 22

Biomonitoring (overview)

Answer 22

1. problem (kennett)
2. Riverfly partnership
3. “Action for the river Kennet”
4. tracking

Question 23

biomonitoring 1. what is the problem?

new approach?

Answer 23

traditional ecotoxicology provides tight control of stressors BUT lacks realism and ignores food web effects

need a NOVEL
GENE to ECOSYSTEM biomonitoring process
example = 2016 - new integrative approach

Question 24

biomonitoring 2
National citizen science biomonitoring scheme example?
what is it?
what do they work together to do (4) QCUD

Answer 24

Riverfly partnership

network of nearly 100 partner organisations (ie conservationists / scientists /managers etc) working togteher to

1) protect the water quality of our rivers
2) further uderstanding of riveerfly populations
3) actively conserve riverfly habitats
4) compile a riverflies monitoring database - with online recording

Question 25

``` biomonitoring 3 regional citizen science biomonitoring scheme example? why is this important? moto? event? Importance- ban? ```

Answer 25

"Action for the river kennet" one of most important chalk streams and 45 miles is largest tributary to River Thames in summermoths (contributes up to alf its flow) "think globally, act locally" biomonitoring ecosystem responses to a catastrophic petsicoide spill in a Uk river in 2013 – 15km of invertebrate life wiped out Implications: River Kennet pesticide pollution called prompts for ban (BBC News) Note- even small quantities can be lethal – a few tablespoons of Chloripyrifos caused this ecological catastrophe- Yet you can buy it easily on Amazon

Question 26

what was the pesticide in the 20133 spill in river Kennet that led to a ban?

Answer 26

Chloripyrifos

Question 27

Biomonitoring 4. Tracking | what is it and how can it be done?

Answer 27

``` track IMPACT and RECOVERY to quantify multilevel resilience ie 3 control sizes and 3 impact sites look ober LT (again insecticides knock out core of the food web) ```

Question 28

5. what Biomonitors can be used? what do riverfly monitors (ARK)?

Answer 28

Riverfly Monitors (ARK) show invertebrate numbers decline more than 100 fold .. but (partial) recovery within a few months

Question 29

5. How can we collect biomonitoring data /what can we use? 3 examples note - match to what you want to sample

Answer 29

Stone scrapes - algal community Hess sampler - ivertebrates Electropfishing bterrn stop nets : fish

Question 30

5. Biomonitoring spp c)what happend adter huge pesticicde influx _days later? population of _ explodes?

Answer 30

28 days later zombie apocaplypse explosion of flatworms feeding on millions of carcasses

Question 31

5. Biomonitoring spp d) where were the initial impacts felt ? e) what does the reference food web show f) what is the response of the food web ? (3)

Answer 31

genes to ecosystem level imapcts dominance by GAMMARUS shrimps - bodymass baundance plots show this spp dominates food web response 1-loss of op down effects 2.increase in diatom cell sized (grazers stripped out of web) 3keystone spp wiped out (nodes lost from network)

Question 32

What was the dominantspecies according to the refernce food web in the kennet river?

Answer 32

Gamma rus shrimps

Question 33

6. Compensatory Response - structure + condequence - gene response

Answer 33

community shifts towards dominance by small taxa as the large keystone spp are lost microbrial processes dominate detrital processing in absence of large detritivores Process: litter breakdown thus decreases Abundance of microbrial functional genes associated with a) processing pesticide (direct effect) and b) with decomposting animal carcasses (indirect effect) increase

Question 34

genes associated with --- increase? (2)

Answer 34

processing pesticide (direct effect) decomposting animal carcasses (indirect effect) increase

Question 35

which genes?

Answer 35

``` Direct= oph Indirect = amoA ```

Question 36

Resilience and recovery after the 2013 pesticide spills? a) case study : monitoring example and findings? clue (again basically structural and genes) but what is a positive? what was the effect pf losing herviourous consumers from green pathways?

Answer 36

Responses were monitored from July 2013 pesticide spill – 2 months later (sep2013), 8 months later,(march 2014) 14 months later (sep 2014) and 20 months later (March 2015) etritivorous consumers from “brown pathways” and keystone spp that were previously dominate (ie Gammarus shrimps lost reduced decomposition rates of leaf litter due to loss of detritivores BUT recovery within 1 yr Order of magnitude increase in the size of diatoms when comparing impacted to reference populations in logabundance plots – why? Herbivores such as mayflies are LOST so what happens? Algal blooms

Question 37

were algal blooms in repsonse to the pestcicde spoll in 2013 from eutrophication?

Answer 37

NO they were due to loss of herbicvores and thus it was NOT eutrophication due t onutrients Recovery? Yes saw recovery after 1 year – when looking at chlorphyll concentration and comparing reference to impacted.

Question 38

Resilience and reocvery ? | b) buffering?+ connectednetworks?

Answer 38

In highly connected networks pertubations can spread and also dissipate very rapidly Alterantive feeding pathways can buffer stressor impacts

Question 39

What is the current work being done? gaps new dimensions

Answer 39

work is being done to fill the remaining grey areas to understand th shape of resilience emerging picture is trackingresilience in the foodweb through SPACE and TIME Ie- loss and recovery of a super abundant species – Woodward et al Unpublished Looking at differ sites (control and impact – over time0 Woodward et al unpublished

Question 40

Current / future work? -genetics -

Answer 40

Network based approaches , eDNA and ecoinformatics promise novel means of comping with complec indirect effects that lead to “ecological suprises”

Question 41

What would this genetics / sample approach include?

Answer 41

``` Routine biomonitoring data AND Environmental sample (soil,water, gt contents)  generate taxon list using DNA analusis NGS ``` BOTH feed into  Infer network links ie from interactions database or predictive models  derive network metrics /model stability/robustness , explore food web sensitivity to environmental driver

Question 42

Detail on integrating DNA?

Answer 42

1) Dna is extracted from bulk Benthic samples (not just free eDNA in the water) 2( then sequenced) using metabracoding – Ie dissolve in ethanol then sieve arthropod bulk and sieve through 1mm sieve =clean macrofauna bulk 0.45um sieve and ludox flotation = clean meiofauna bulk

Question 43

Silwood future wok? question Trialing what? how can we get info? (clue - Celldex experiment)

Answer 43

Prospects for the future can we combine informatics, DNA & network approaches to design Next Generation Biomonitoring tools to detect multiple stressors across the globe? trialling new molecular & bacterial “biosensors” as early warning systems and measuring ecosystem impacts of stressors at Imperial’s Silwood Park campus Note: The power of crowdsourcing a new global bioassay of ecosystem functioning the CELLDEX experiment (in prep)

Question 44

Kennet as an example for the future- why? | 2 main things

Answer 44

* Dna techniques detected strong pesticide responses rapidly from a TINY number of smaples from the Kennet * NMDS total beta diversity ordinations for Athropoda , Insecta and Cristacea based on presence / absence community matrices by read mapping against de novo generated OTUs at 3% and 10% for the bc-3’ and bc-5’ gene fragments

Question 45

kennet mapping against?

Answer 45

Insecta and Cristacea based on presence / absence community matrices by read mapping against de novo generated OTUs at 3% and 10% for the bc-3’ and bc-5’ gene fragments