Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy I Unit 1 > L9-L10 Nervous Tissue I and II > Flashcards

L9-L10 Nervous Tissue I and II Flashcards

1
Q

What do the functions of the nervous tissue coordinate?

A

Body function with environment (external & internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the organization of the nervous system?

A

Structural and Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two parts of the structural organization of the nervous system? What things are they associated with?

A

2 parts: 1. CNS, 2. PNS
CNS: gray matter and nuclei, white matter and tracts
PNS: ganglia, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 2 parts of the functional organization of the nervous system? What are they associated with?

A

Somatic and autonomic
Somatic: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent)
Autonomic: Parasympathetic, Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the CNS compose of?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the PNS consisted of?

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the types of nerve fibers (axons)?

A

Somatic system, visceral system, somatic axons, autonomic axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a somatic system? Examples?

A

Functions that relate to external environment (eg pain, locomotion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a visceral system? Examples?

A

Functions that relate to internal environment (eg heart rate, digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are somatic axons?

A

Sensory and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are autonomic axons?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is exclusive about autonomic axons?

A

Regulation of visceral activity and responsible to make the organs do more or less of something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 2 fundamental cells in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons (functional cells), and Glial cells (support cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a neuropil?

A

Synaptically dense regions composed of unmyelinated axons, dendrites and processes of glial cell in CNS gray matter; there is also NO connective tissue integrated into CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a neuron? What is its primary function?

A

Functional unit of the nervous system.

Its primary function is to generate and propagate action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are neuron PARTS?

A

Cell body, dendrite(s), axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main types of neurons?

A

Bipolar (retina, cranial nerve VIII), multipolar (99% of all neurons), and pseudounipolar (sensory ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the bipolar types of neurons?

A

Limited to visual, auditory, vestibular pathways: one dendrite, one axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the pseudounipolar types of neurons?

A

They are confined to spinal nerve sensory ganglia and some cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is significant about the spinal nerve?**

A

Pseudounipolar->collecting sensory info from body wall -> deliver back to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is significant about multipolar neurons?

A

All remaining neurons (99% of all neurons) have 2 to many dendrites, one axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a unique cell of the multipolar neurons?

A

Pyramidal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cell of the multipolar neuron is exclusive to cerebellum?

A

Purkinje cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Multiple dendrites form an ______ to neuron.

A

Inflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Axon forms an ___ of the neuron.

A

Outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the target of a neuron?

A

Another neuron, muscle, gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the cell body (perikaryon/soma) of neuron?

A

Contains nucleus, nucleolus, Nissl bodies (rough ER, free ribosomes), Golgi complexes, mitchondria, neurofilaments, microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Contains same organelles as cell body except nucleus, Nissl bodies and Golgi complexes only in proximal portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are dendritic spines and what is significant about them?**

A

They are spines that come outwards and they serve to increase Surface area of the function in order to receive more of neurotransmitters from another axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____ has a more prominent nucleolus?

A

Euchromatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cytoskeleton and secretory vesciles pass from _____ to the _____.

A

Cell body to the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the initial segment of the axon? What is generated there?

A

Between axon hillock and beginning of myelin sheath. Axon potentials are generated there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Allow axon to interact with cellular fluid around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is axonal (axoplasmic) transport? What direction does it go?

A

Movement mechanism of mitochondria, lipids, synaptic vesicles to and from cell body and axon; bidirectional

35
Q

What is anterograde axon transport?

A

away from cell body (cell prod returns to nucleus)

36
Q

What is retrograde axon transport?

A

Toward cell body; toxins like tetanus or viruses like canine herpes simplex (leading cause of death in newborn puppies), rabies, can travel CB

37
Q

What is the speed of each type of transport: anterograde transport? Retrograde transport?

A

Anterograde: fast or slow; retrograde: just fast

38
Q

What are the characteristics of fast transport? (3)

A
  • Utilize microtubules and motor proteins
  • Occur fairly rapidly: 20-400 mm/day
  • Transport organelles, synaptic vesicles etc.
39
Q

What are the characteristics of slow anterograde transport?

A
  • Occurs slowly: 0.2-4mm/day

- Transports cytoskeletal precursors & elements (tubulin, actin etc)

40
Q

What is a function of nervous tissue?

A

Integrates sensory (afferent) input with motor (efferent) output

41
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

Intermediate filaments of neurons that provide structural support to the cell (cytoskeletal structures)

42
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Also cytoskeletal, but grown and shrink to move material around

43
Q

What is Lyssavirus transmitted by?

A

Rabies transmitted by virus-laden saliva

Virus travels along peripheral nerves, to spinal cord, to brain , out through peripheral nerves to salivary gland

44
Q

The myelination of axons is electrically insulating what?

A

Sheath that can surround axons

45
Q

What does the myelination of axons improve?

A

Conduction velocity of medium and large-sized axons

46
Q

There is NO myelin at: ____ and _____.

A

Initial segment and axon terminals

47
Q

What are internodal segments?

A

Regions where myelin present (insulated)

48
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Points between internodal segments (axon exposed)

49
Q

What is a saltatory conduction?

A

AP “jumps”from node to node

50
Q

What makes up the gray matter? White matter?

A

Gray: cell bodies
White: axons

51
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Compressed layers of glial cell plasma membrane

52
Q

What does the myelin sheath do to the axon?

A

Wraps around tightly multiple times so that the cytoplasm is constrained to most superficial region

53
Q

The phospholipid portion of myelin at LM is lost- what does it leave behind?

A

Leaves clear (or very pale) region where myelin was present

54
Q

What are unmyelinated axons?

A

Axons with smaller diameters that require slower conduction velocities.
They are enveloped by glial cell, but NOT wrapped by the glial cell

55
Q

What are synapses?

A

Interneuronal connetions- communication

Cells separated by a narrow gap, synaptic cleft.

56
Q

What does the action potential of synapses initiate?

A

Action potential initiates neurotrans release -> crosses -> either depolarizes postsynpatic membrane (new AP) or hyper polarizes and inhibits

57
Q

What are the three types of connections?

A
  1. Axodendritic
  2. Axosomatic
  3. Axoaxonic
58
Q

What do the neuromuscular (myoneuronal) junctions do?

A

Causes buttons to talk, release contents, which then open up NA channels

59
Q

All synapses possess _____ and _____ elements

A

Presynaptic and postsynaptic elements

60
Q

What are glia cells?

A

Interstitial, supportive cells for neurons within the CNS

61
Q

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes, microglia cells?

A

Oligodedrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia are part of CNS while Schwann cells are part of PNS

62
Q

What are features about astrocytes?

A

They have “feet” that help support:

  1. The blood-brain barrier
  2. The glia limitans: barrier between pia mater and the CNS
63
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Can myelinate more than one axon and more than one internodal segment per axon

64
Q

What is CNS myelin composed of?

A

Oligodendrocytes and differs from PNS myelin that is composed of Schwann cells

65
Q

What percentange of Microglia cells are in CNS?

A

10-15%

66
Q

Where are microglia from?

A

Descend from the mononuclear phagocyte system

67
Q

What is significant about microglia cells? (what can they become, what do they remove, and what is the rule of thumb)? (3)

A
  1. They can become phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells
  2. They remove damaged neurons and infectious agents
  3. Rule of Thumb: microglia form the primary immune defense of CNS
68
Q

The peripheral nerves are ___ and ___?

A

Motor and sensory

69
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collections of functionally-related neuronal cell bodies

70
Q

What part of the ganglia is sensory?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

71
Q

What does the ANS contribute?

A

Motor ganglia

72
Q

What is housed in the CNS?

A

Somatic motor cell bodies

73
Q

What are peripheral nerves?

A

Collections of functionally- related nerve fibers (axons)

74
Q

What are Satellite Cells?

A

Glial cells (neural crest) that form a complete ring around the pseudounipolar neuron

75
Q

What is the CT capsule?

A

Nerve fiber (NF) bundles (cell bodies in clusters)

76
Q

What does peripheral nerves do?

A

Appear “Wavy”

77
Q

What are Schwann cells limited to?

A

ONE internodal segment on ONE axon

78
Q

What is significant about Schwann cells?

A

Has an external lamina

79
Q

What is CNS myelin composed of and what does it differ from?

A

Composed of oligodendrocytes and differs from PNS myelin that is composed of Schwann cells

80
Q

What are the important structures of the connective tissue of peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Endoneurium
81
Q

What is the meaning of epineurium?

A

Fibrous coat around whole nerve- also fills space between nerve fibers (dense, irregular connective tissue)

82
Q

What is the definition of perineurium?

A

Surrounds each bundle of nerve fibers

83
Q

What is the definition of endoneurium?

A

Envelops the myelin sheaths of individual axons. Composed of reticular fibers produced by the Schwann cells

Anatomy I Unit 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions