La formation: capacité et contenu Flashcards

1
Q

CAPACITÉ ET POUVOIR DE LA CAUTION

A

Depuis 2007  les majeurs sous tutelles (régime acte de disposition) et les mineurs non émancipés sont frappes d’une incapacité de consentir des sûretés (art 509-1 CCiv)

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2
Q

Le cautionnement souscrit pour le compte d’une personne morale

A
  1. Principle of speciality; legal persons are restricted by their corporate purpose; in practice this condition is assessed flexibly.
  2. The contract is valid if there is a community of interest between the guarantor and the guaranteed company.
    - Société civile et SNC = unanimous agreement of partners
    - Sociétés par actions = bound by acts of director even if the acts exceed the company’s object except in bad faith
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3
Q

Limite de l’objet social ne se rencontrent pas dans les sociétés anonymes et les sociétés à responsabilité limitée.

A

Their manager or partner may not have the company guarantee their own commitment to a third party
SARL = L223-21
SA = L225-43 and L225-81

Prior acceptance by the supervisory board; failing this, the guarantee is unenforceable against the company without the possibility of ratification or confirmation. However, director cannot be personally bound by a commitment he has signed on behalf of the company. The doctrine therefore suggests relative nullity to allow the situation to be regularised.

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4
Q

En cas de cautionnement souscrit par un époux sous le régime de la communauté légale

A

Avant 1985 : mari pouvait engager les biens de la communauté par un cautionnement qu’il avait souscrit seul. Loi du 23 décembre 1985 a modifie l’article 1415 du CCiv ; chacun des époux ne peut engage que ses biens propres et ses revenus par un cautionnement ou par un emprunt (avec le consentement expresse de l’autre époux  engage les biens de la communauté).

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5
Q

LE CONTENU DU CAUTIONNEMENT

A

L’obligation de la caution. La cause et l’objet de l’engagement. fusionnées par ordonnance 10 février 2016. Doit être un objet, qui doit être licite.

L’ordonnance 2016 n’est pas applicable aux contrats conclus avant le 1er octobre 2016. On laisse substituer la question de la cause objective du cautionnement; Après, on peut se demander si la caution de nullité pour cause n’a pas été remplacée par la nullité pour absence de contrepartie réelle

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6
Q

LA CAUSE DU CAUTIONNEMENT

AVANT 2016

A

Cause objective pose problème car le cautionnement est contrat unilatéral qui n’engage que la caution

the problem of the cause of the guarantee had practically always arisen in the same context: it had to be imagined that the debtor had previously had a privileged relationship with the guarantor. The guarantor is sued and opposes the creditor for the loss of the capacity in which he contracted.

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7
Q

Arrêt du 8 novembre 1972: La CCass a posé deux principes

A
  • La cause de l’obligation réside dans la considération de l’obligation prise par le créancier envers le débiteur
  • Le fait que la caution ait perdu la direction de la société débitrice après être engagé n’affecte pas la cause de l’engagement fixée au moment de la souscription d’un ct.
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8
Q

Plusieurs critiques de cette décision:

  • Le recours à la cause (pas adapté lorsque l’on cherche à déterminer l’incidence d’une modification dans les rapports des relations du débiteurs)
  • The guarantee commitment, although caused at the outset, must not cease for the future when the relationship between the guarantor and the debtor ceases.
A
  • The cause of the guarantee was in the relationship between the creditor and the debtor. But if we reduce the cause to the interest of the guarantor this interest exists only in the relationship between the guarantor and the debtor
  • The cause of the guarantee was useless since its role was absorbed by the accessory nature of the guarantee. Objective. Obligation de couverture demeure
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9
Q

arrêt 17 mai 2017 cass com.

la caution argue que son engagement était sans cause, dans la mesure où, au jour où le cautionnement a été souscrit, la société garantie était insolvable

Court of Appeal reasoning:
on the one hand, it is not forbidden to act as guarantor for a debtor whose insolvency is proven
on the other hand, the fact of setting aside the guarantor’s alleged error on the financial situation of the guaranteed party, when the existence of the principal debt is constant, is equivalent to eliminating the absence of cause. the guarantor was perfectly aware that the principal debtor had been the subject of a liquidation judgment at the time he entered into his guarantee commitment
His undertaking was therefore in no way devoid of cause

A

Ccass: casse et annule
‘as soon as the debt that the guarantor’s undertaking is intended to guarantee exists’, the guarantor’s undertaking is perfectly caused
It is not concerned with the motives that led the guarantor to commit himself, but only with the existence of a debt to be guaranteed. Les motifs énoncés par la Cour d’appel au soutien de sa décision sont « impropres à caractériser, en l’absence d’un avantage consenti par le créancier, la cause de l’engagement souscrit par M. X… après le prononcé de la liquidation judiciaire du débiteur principal en garantie d’une dette antérieure à l’ouverture de la procédure collective»
up to them to look not at the situation of the principal debtor, i.e. his insolvency, but at the existence of a debt to be guaranteed.
For the Commercial Chamber, the cause of the guarantor’s commitment does not therefore lie in the relationship between the guarantor and the principal debtor, but in the relationship between the guarantor and the creditor.

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10
Q

The objective cause: difficulties because it does not adapt well to gratuitous contracts. CCass: the cause of a guarantee is “the consideration of the obligation undertaken correlatively by the creditor”.

A

The cause in the guarantee appears redundant with the accessory character of this security. There will only be an absence of cause when there is no main contract. In such a situation, the theory of accessory, as it is expressed in the guarantee through article 2293, paragraph 1, would be sufficient to annihilate the security.

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11
Q

l’article 1169 du code civil qui dit « Un contrat à titre onéreux est nul lorsque, au moment de sa formation, la contrepartie convenue au profit de celui qui s’engage est illusoire ou dérisoire. »

A

In order to be applicable, article 1169 must consider the guarantee as a contract for valuable consideration.

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12
Q

L’OBJET DU CAUTIONNEMENT

A

A distinction must be made between the object of the contract (guarantee that the guarantor will be provided to the creditor) and the content of the guarantor’s undertaking (answers the question of what the guarantor owes).
Article 2288 of the Civil Code.

Le contenu de l’engagement de la caution est calqué sur le contenu de la dette principale. Cette dette principale que la caution s’engage à garantir, elle peut être présente et future comme l’indique le nouvel article 2292 du code civil.

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13
Q

when it relates to a future debt, it associates the guarantor with a future debt of the creditor and the debtor. A distinction must therefore be made between guarantees for present and future debts

A
  • The guarantor may not limit his commitment to the principal debt. He may only commit himself for a part of the debt: distinction between indefinite and definite surety.
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14
Q

1163 cciv : l’objet doit être déterminé ou déterminable, ce qui implique que la dette principale soit délimitée avec un minimum de précision et que le débiteur principal soit identifié dans l’acte de cautionnement.

A
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