LA surgery Exam 1 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
When is the appropriate time to use the Thomas roder splints
A
Tibial fractures
radial/ulna fractures
it works like a crutch
2
Q
When you want to stabilize a joint you want how far proximal and distal from fracture?
A
Joint above and Joint below
3
Q
Proud flesh is a problem in small ruminants and cattle true or false?
A
False
4
Q
Can you stop wrapping a wound if it is still open with only granulation tissue present?
A
Yes, it is resistant to infections
5
Q
What does hydrocolloid gel do for a wound
A
Promotes wound healing and epithelialization
6
Q
Sugardine does what?
A
Sugar mixed with betadine paste, promotes healing, granulation
7
Q
What should be the first thing you think about when you give a drug to an Ag animal?
A
What is the withdrawal time?
8
Q
The only anesthetic drug in Ag animals is?
A
2% Lidocaine HCl
9
Q
So use of most anesthetic drugs used in Ag Animals are
A
Extra label = meat and milk withdrawal time!
10
Q
Classes of drugs used for analgesia in food animals
A
Opioids
Alpha-2 agonists
NSAIDs
Local anesthesia (Lidocaine)
11
Q
What should we know about Phenylbutazone?
A
Strongly discouraged by FARAD and FDA and is PROHIBITED for use in female dairy cattle age 20 months or older
12
Q
Which analgesic drug do we want to make sure we don’t use in cattle?
A
Phenylbutazone
13
Q
What happens to lidocaine if you mix it up with NaCl or put it into something like an abscess?
A
These are acidic environments and will not allow lidocaine to work (needs alkaline environment)
14
Q
If you are going to dilute lidocaine out what should you dilute it with?
A
Bicarb or just distilled water
15
Q
What are signs of toxicity for lidocaine?
A
hypotension, drowsiness/sedation, twitching and spasms, respiratory depression, convulsions
16
Q
What is a toxic lidocaine dose?
A
10 mg/kg
17
Q
What is NOCITA
A
bupivacaine liposome that prolongs the effect of lidocaine (very expensive)
18
Q
What is the goal of Disbudding/Dehorning?
A
Destroy the corium from which the horn and cornual process develops
19
Q
What does AVMA recommend for disbudding cattle?
A
Do it before it attaches to the skull, inject lidocaine before procedure and provide NSAIDs post procedure
20
Q
What is the difference between disbudding and dehorning?
A
Disbudding - before the corium attaches to the bone
Dehorning - corium has attached to the bone and is producing bone
21
Q
When is the best time to disbud cattle?
A
First 1 - 2 months of life
22
Q
What is the best time to disbud goats?
A
First few weeks of life
23
Q
What does the corunal sinus communicate with?
A
The frontal sinus
24
Q
What can be a complication of dehorning?
A
Frontal sinusitis
25
How can we manage pain during dehorning cattle?
- Nerve name/location
- other analgesics?
- Lidocaine block: Cornual branch of the infratrochlear (CN 5) nerve , just ventral to the frontal crest (stick needle in parallel to crest)
- NSAIDs (pour on flunixin)
26
What are ways we can disbud calves?
Caustic pastes
Dehorning irons
Horn gouges or tube dehorners
"barnes" dehorner
27
Pros and cons of caustic paste for disbudding?
Pro: Less painful, non invasive
Con: If it rains or runs down to their eyes it can make them blind
28
What procedure is not recommended when doing dehorning?
Cosmetic Dehorning
29
What is a scur?
Incomplete destruction of the corium so a funky looking horn still grows a little.
30
How is blocking a goat and cervid different than blocking a calve horn?
Two nerves:
Cornual branch of the lacrimnal (palpable in the orbital notch -medialdorsal)
Cornual branch of the infratrochlear (the corner of the L between orbit and zygomatic arch)
31
If you are dehorning a goat what level of sedation/anesthesia do you want?
General anesthesia
32
What is the recommended procedure for adult goat dehorning?
use obstetrical wire if it is bleeding, cauterize it. And if you have an open sinus you need to bandage it!
33
What should we never use to dehorn a goat? Why?
Do not use a gouger barns dehorner in a goat, you will fracture their calvarium
34
Who has a thicker skull, a goat or a calve? So which one should you be more concerned about frying their brain?
Goats have a thin skull, easily cooked brain
| Use a very very very hot iron and only hold it on for <1 sec at a time.
35
What is the treatment for sinusitis from dehorning in cattle?
```
Examine dehorning site
Systemic abx
NSAIDs
Flush sinus cavity - H2O2
Trephination (rare)
```
36
Antlers shedding and growing happens during what part of the year?
Shed in the fall
| Grow in the spring
37
Caribou and Reindeer need what in their diet for antler growth?
50+ lbs of Calcium salts
38
Which deer species have females that create antlers?
Caribou and Reindeer
39
What completely inhibits growth of deer and elk antlers?
Castration before first antler growth
40
How can you keep a deer or elk with permanent velvet antlers?
Castrate them when they have velvet antlers
41
If you castrate a deer/elk when they have bone (no velvet) antlers, what will happen?
Immediate antler drop and replacement of velvet stage next year that stays velvet
42
What do you need to be aware of when removing velvet antlers?
They have nerves and blood supply so you need a special ring block
43
Do ruminants or camelids have a tapetum lucidum?
Ruminants
44
What is the most common eyelid trauma in cattle?
lacerations
45
What is the causative agent in Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Moraxella bovis or Moraxella bovocoli
46
Keratoconjuctivitis of sheep and goats is often what two etiologies?
Chlamydophila
| Mycoplasma
47
What is an effective treatment for pinkeye?
Oxytetracycline (approved for use in lactating dairy cows, 96 hr milk, 28 day meat withhold
Draxxin - not lactating dairy
48
What are the treatment goals for pinkeye in goats and sheep?
```
Animal comfort
Decrease severity
Control carrier state
Tetracycline eyedrops
Systemic abx (draxxin or oxy)
```
49
How can you tell the difference between pinkeye and another disease?
Pink eye is usually symmetrical and makes a central lesion over the cornea
50
What is the nerve we block for ocular procedures in cattle?
Auriculpalpebral
51
what is tarsorrhaphy?
suturing the eye shut
| -good for ulcers, keratitis
52
For a third eyelid flap, what do you need to anesthesize?
Auriculopalpebral nerve
Local lid infusion
Topical
53
What is the most common eyelid neoplasia?
Squamous cell carcinoma - locally aggressive (met later)
54
Where is OSCC commonly occurring?
third eyelid, the limbus (jct of cornea and sclera) and the lower lid
55
How can you tell the difference between OSCC and a dermoid cyst?
The Dermoid cyst is hairy
56
Treatment for corneal neoplasia?
Cryosurgery
57
What is the goal with cryosurgery?
Fast freeze, slow thaw - causes irreversible damage to cells
58
How do we surgically remove eyes in cattle?
Eye ablation: take out orbit and the adnexa
59
What are the slaughter house regulations for Ocular SCCs?
If the tumor has destroyed the eye, the animal is condemned on ante-mortem
60
If there is metastasis of an eye neoplasia, what happens to the animal?
The animal is condemned
61
If the tumor of the eye is localized..
The head is condemned
62
For an eye ablation what do we want to block in addition to the palpebral and lid infusion?
Retrobulbar infusion 3 four point blocks DON'T DO the Petersen block (can kill the animal if it gets to their brain)
63
When is a tracheotomy most commonly done in ag animal?
Necrotic laryngitis
64
When we are closing large animal skin, what is different about large vs small animal skin closures?
You have to do large animal skin tight
65
What side of the cow do we go in for a C - Section?
Left (less things fall out)
66
What is the preferred block for going into the paralumbar fossa?
Distal paravertebral block (dorsal and ventral branches between the 2nd and 3rd vertebra)
67
Which muscle should we "grid" when getting into the abdomen at the paralumbar fossa?
The internal abdominal oblique
68
What nerves do you want to block for a paralumbar approach?
T13, L1, L2, L3
69
Which vertebra do you palpate and block above and below in a Distal paraverterbral block?
L1, L2, L3, L4
70
How many muscles are you getting through in the paralumbar fossa?
3 (external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transvers abdominus)
Also the peritoneum
71
How should you inspect the intestines in a left sided paralumbar celiotomy?
Four quadrant approach (can't "run the bowel")
| you can pull out jejunum mostly, and cecum and some spiral colon and like the pylorus)
72
What do you want to minimize in surgery? (3 Ts)
Time
Trash
Trauma
73
What are the layers for closure in a paralumbar approach?
```
Simple continuous in non-skin layers: 3 deep layers:
-Transverse abdominus and peritoneum
-Internal oblique
-External oblique
Ford interlocking in skin
```
74
Non-surgical corrections such as rolling +/- toggle techniques are only appropriate for which DA?
LDA
75
What is the risk with rolling and LDA?
risk for creating an RDA or RAV
76
What is the pros and cons to the right paramedian approach?
Pros: purest approach, DA often corrects itself when you roll them into sx position
Cons: Dorsal recumbancy is difficult, requires many people
77
Right paralumbar approach you incorporate what into the closure of peritoneum and transverse abdominus closure?
Omentum adjacent to the pylorus (works for LDA,RDA or RAV)
78
Indications for a rumenotomy?
```
Foreign bodies
Intra-ruminal masses/abscesses
grain overload
toxic materials
esophageal disease
abomasal impaction
```
79
What can you give to a cow to stop the rumen from moving while you are doing a rumenotomy?
Atropine! (anticholinergic)
80
When you have make your incision into the abdominal cavity, what is the first step before cutting the rumen open?
Suture the rumen to the skin incision so you can keep the rumen contents from spilling into the abdomen
81
What pattern should you used to close the rumen?
Inverting pattern
82
When is a rumenostomy indicated?
More chronic bloat problems (semi-permanent opening into the rumen)
83
Which umbilical structures tend to be more commonly infected in ag animal?
Omphaloarteritis (round ligaments of the bladder)
84
Is it the large, medium or small sized umbilical hernias that are the dangerous ones?
Medium (more prone to strangulating internal structures)
85
If you want to know what is in the abdominal hernia sac before you cut it off how can you if you are already scrubbed in?
Make a small incision caudal to the umbilicus poke your finger into the abdominal cavity and follow it up to the hernia and feel around from the inside to find out what is in it
86
Direct inguinal hernia?
Tear through the abdominal wall
87
Where are the inguinal rings in the cow?
Just a few inches off midline of the pubic symphysis
88
Not all scrotal swellings are scrotal hernias, what else could it be?
Hydrocele (fluid)
Scirrhous cord (inflamed sperimaticord post castration)
Hematoma
A/V shunt (fremitus)
89
What is a surgical approach to scrotal hernias?
At time of castration you can twist the vaginal tunic and this will "push" the intestines back though the inguinal ring where they belong. Then you place a few sutures in the inguinal ring.
90
Common cause for rectal prolapse?
Straining (parasites, urolithiasis, struggling)
91
What are 4 techniques for rectal prolapse?
Replace and purse string
Submucosal resection and purse string
Peri-rectal counterirritant and purse string
Amputation (rare)
92
What block do you do for a rectal prolapse?
Sacrococcygeal or inter-coccygeal (either will block the perineum
93
Before you put the inflamed prolapsed rectum back in what should you check for?
Damage - like full thickness tears
94
What do we need to do for sheep rectal prolapse?
Purse string and perirectal counter irritant (inject oxytetracycline parallel to the rectum 4 spots around the anus)
95
What are reasons to do a digit amputation in ag animals?
Lacerations
Septic arthritis
Fractures and dislocations
96
Which animal can we NOT do digital amputations in?
Camelids (walk on their pastern joints)
97
What is the pain management strategy for digital amputation?
Baer Block and tunicate (Regional limb perfusion)
20 ml Lidocaine block / ampicillin
-use the dorsal pedal vein
98
Where do we drill for an ankylosing procedure?
1/2 the distance from to the rear of toe, 1/3 down from coronary band to sole (trying for right were the coffin joint is)
99
Do you block a digital amputation or an ankylosing joint procedure?
Ankylosing joint procedure
100
Interdigital fibroma when do you cut?
Only if it really is bothering the animal, main problem is the medial aspect of the hooves. Trim them so they don't push the toes apart.
101
3 COMMON methods of calves, lambs, kids(1 month old preferred) castration?
```
Rubber ring (takes 2 weeks)
Bloodless castration (Burdizzo)
Surgery
```
102
What are two risks for banding castration?
Band too close to body = sigmoid flexture ligation oops!
| Risk of tetanus
103
What does the Burdizzo do?
crushes the spermaticord while still in the testicular sac, goal is to damage as little skin as possible
104
When should you block the testis during surgical castration?
After the incision, directly into the spermaticord before you use the emasculators on it.
105
What direction do you face the emasculators?
Nut to NUT
