Lab 1 Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
A
Cranial cavity – within the skull
2
Q
A
Spinal (vertebral) cavity – within the vertebral column
3
Q
A
Thoracic cavity
4
Q
A
Abdominal cavity
5
Q
A
Pelvic Cavity
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Q
A
Flexion/ extension
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Q
A
Abduction/adduction
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Q
A
Circumduction
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Q
A
Lateral/medial rotation
10
Q
A
Supination/pronation
11
Q
A
Elevation/depression
12
Q
A
Inversion/eversion
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Q
A
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
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Q
A
Protraction/retraction
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Q
A
Opposition/reposition
16
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
Long Bone
17
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
Short bone
18
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
Flat bone
19
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
irregular bone
20
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
Sutural Bone
21
Q
What type of bone is this?
A
Sesamoid bone
22
Q
functional classification: Synarthroses
A
immovable joints
e.g. sutures of the skull
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Q
functional classification:Amphiarthroses
A
slightly movable joints e.g. pubic symphysis, tibiofibular (distal ends of tibia and fibula)
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Q
functional classification: Diarthroses
A
freely movable joints
e.g. hip, humeral-ulnar (elbow)
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structural classification:Fibrous
ous there is no joint cavity and the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue e.g. sutures of the skull, syndesmosis, gomphosis (teeth).
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structural classification: Cartilaginous
there is no joint cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) e.g. pubic symphysis, sternocostal
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structural classification: Synovial
there is a joint cavity and the bones forming the joint are united by a surrounding articular capsule and often by accessory ligaments e.g. hip, humeral-ulnar
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Articular cartilage
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synovial membrane
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Synovial fluid
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accessory ligaments:Extracapsular (extrinsic) ligaments
lie outside the articular capsule. (e.g. lateral collateral and medial collateral ligaments of the knee)
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accessory ligaments: Intracapsular (intrinsic) ligaments
occur within the articular capsule. (e.g. the cruciate ligaments of the knee)
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accessory structures:bursae
Fluid filled sacs, called bursae (bursa singular), are strategically located in the connective tissue around some joints. These structures are filled with synovial fluid and lined by a 11 synovial membrane. Bursae are in places where skin runs over the bone to reduce friction. Bursae are also found between tendons and bones, muscles and bones and ligaments and bones to cushion the movement (i.e. shock absorber) of one part of the body over the other.
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accessory structures: fat pads
In some joints, fat pads fill the spaces created by a joint movement and provide cushioning between joint structures.
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accessory structures:articular discs
Fibrocartilage pads known as articular discs (e.g. menisci of knee joint) function to improve the fit between articulating bones and channel the flow of synovial fluid in some joints
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
**Nonaxial** – surfaces slide; no rotation
**(i) plane or gliding joints** flat or slightly curved bone surfaces allow only side-to-side and back-and-forth movements to occur between the bones involved examples: intercarpal and intertarsal sternoclavicular (the clavicle glides on the sternum) acromioclavicular (the clavicle glides on the scapula)
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
**2. Uniaxial** – the bones involved rotate about one axis
(ii) **hinge joint** the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone. The movements are flexion and extension examples: tibiofemoral (knee) humeral-ulnar (elbow)
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Uniaxial – the bones involved rotate about one axis
**Pivot** joint a rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. The primary movement is rotation example: radio-ulnar
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
3. **Biaxial** – the bones involved rotate about two axes
**(iv) condyloid or ellipsoidal joint** an oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. The movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction examples: radiocarpal or metacarpophalangeal (between metacarpals and proximal phalanges)
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
**3. Biaxial** – the bones involved rotate about two axes
**(v) saddle joint** The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle. It is a modified condyloid joint in which the movement is somewhat freer only example: carpometacarpal of the thumb (between trapezium and 1st metacarpal)
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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
4. **Multiaxial or triaxial** – the bones involved rotate about three axes
**(vi) ball-and-socket joint** consists of a ball-like surface of one bone fitted into a cup-like depression of another bone. There are three types of movement are permitted: flexionextension; abduction-adduction and rotation only examples: glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and the hip joint
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What type of muscle is this?
Skeletal muscle
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What type of muscle is this?
SmooTh Muscle
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What type of muscle of this?
Cardiac Muscle
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1. Connective Tissue Components
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skeletal muscle fascicle organization
1. **Parallel**
1. Fusiform
1. Fascicles are spindle shaped with round gaster and tapered ends
Example: biceps brachii
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skeletal muscle fascicle organization
Parallel
1. Flat
1. Fascicles that run the long axis of the muscle with broad attachments at both ends
Example frontalis
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skeletal muscle fascicle organization
Parallel
1. Triangular
1. Fibers converging onto one site
2. Gives muscle a triangular appearance
Example: trapezius
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skeletal muscle fascicle organization
1. **Parallel**
1. Circular
1. Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
Example: orbicularis oculi
51
Identify this skeletal muscle fascicle organization
1. **Pennate**
* Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length, have a feathered appearance
* Tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle
* **Unipennate**
* Fascicles are arranged on one side of a tendon (i.e. a lateral tendon) that runs the length of the muscle
* Example: tibialis posterior
52
Identify this skeletal muscle fascicle organization
1. **Bipennate**
* Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendon
* Example: rectus femoris
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Identify this skeletal muscle fascicle organization
1. **Multipennate**
* Fascicles are arranged on both sides of many central tendons
* Example: deltoid
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