Lab 1

Question 1

Midrib

Answer 1

large bulge in the middle of the leaf which contains a large vein. This midrib vein branches repeatedly into smaller and smaller veins extending throughout the leaf.

Question 2

Veins

Answer 2

Vascular bundles of the leaf, primarily made up of vascular tissues XYLEM and PHLOEM.

Question 3

Xylem cells

Answer 3

(stained red), are large empty cells with thick walls.

Question 4

Phloem cells

Answer 4

(stained green), are smaller and have thinner cell walls.

Question 5

Bundles Sheath

Answer 5

protective layer of parenchyma cells which typically encloses each vein.

Question 6

Upper and Lower Epidermis

Answer 6

the outermost layer of the top and the bottom of the leaf respectively. Both layers are one cell thick and normally coated with a very thin waxy cuticle.

Question 7

Cuticle Layer

Answer 7

waxy layer (thin or thick, transparent). Found above the upper epidermis and or below the lower epidermis.

Question 8

Stomata

Answer 8

pores (holes) in the upper and or lower epidermis. Surrounded by a pair of guard cells, which can be open or closed to allow for gas exchange.

Question 9

Hydrophytes

Answer 9

plants adapted to wet environments (hydro=water) (phyte=plant)

Question 10

Mesophytes

Answer 10

plants adapted to moderate amounts of water in their habitats (meso=middle)

Question 11

Xerophytes

Answer 11

plants adapted to dry environments (xero=dry)

Question 12

Mesophyll

Answer 12

sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis, the photosynthetic tissue that makes up the middle part of the leaf. It is best observed in the regions between the veins. Consists of two tissue types: palisade mesophyll ( or parenchyma) and spongy mesophyll (or parenchyma).

Question 13

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 13

long rectangular cells filled with chloroplast (photosynthesis)

Question 14

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 14

Irregular shaped cells, loosely packed (gas exchange).

Question 15

Vascular bundles

Answer 15

composed of thick walled Xylem cells (transports water and minerals) and smaller thin walled Phloem cells (transports sugars).

Question 16

Tissue plans

Answer 16

A line drawing to proportion to show the different “layers” of tissue only, without cellular details. Notes are very important, must show all formulas and calculations.

Question 17

Lengths

Answer 17

• Diameter of field view under low power = 4500µm
• Diameter of field view under medium power = 1800µm
• Diameter of field view under high power = 450µm

Question 18

Calibrated values for this semester

Answer 18

• Low power objective: 250 µm/od
• Medium power objective: 100 µm/od
• High power objective: 25µm/od

Question 19

Nerium (xerophyte) internal adaptation to prevent water loss

Answer 19

• Crypts with epidermal hair
• Thickened cuticles on upper and lower epidermis
• Thickened upper epidermis and palisade mesophyll

Question 20

Sample Calculations: Specimen Length and Specimen Width

Answer 20

Specimen Length: Diameter of field view under high power = 450µm
Specimen Width: Calibrated value for one ocular division for high power objective = 25µm/od = ?µm (value you calculate from the above line) X # of ocular divisions taken up by the specimen’s width #od (value you determine using the ocular ruler).

Question 21

Scale calculation

Answer 21

Scale = Actual Specimen Length/ Length of Drawing (chosen between 7 and 10cm) = 450µm/*cm = **µm/cm

Question 22

Drawing width

Answer 22

Drawing width = Actual Specimen Width/ Scale = ?µm/ **µm/cm = —cm

Question 23

Tissue plan format

Answer 23

Figure 1: Tissue Plan of —–(viewed at—-)
Actual Specimen Length* Actual Specimen Width; Scale
DRAWING
Notes: 3-4 GOOD notes (full complete sentences):
- Drawn from prepared slide of temporary wet mount?
- Describe each layer: shape of cells? How many cells thick?
- Structures expected to see but didn’t?

Question 24

Complete Flower

Answer 24

4 whorls present
- sepals
- petals
- stamen: anther & filament
- carpel/pistil: stigma, style, ovary & ovules

Question 25

Incomplete Flower

Answer 25

When any of the whorls are missing

Question 26

Perfect Flower

Answer 26

- Has both male and female organs - Stamen: anther & filament - Carpel/pistil: stigma, style, ovary & ovules

Question 27

Imperfect Flower

Answer 27

Has either male or female organs. (Imperfect flower = incomplete flower, an incomplete flower can still be perfect).

Question 28

Gadiolus Flower

Answer 28

- Complete because 4 whorls are present - Perfect because it has both male & female organs - 3 parts that make up the female reproductive organ: stigma, style & ovary - 2 parts that make up the male reproductive organ: anther & filament

Question 29

Flowering plants

Answer 29

variety of agents but rely on animals and wind for pollination

Question 30

Animal pollinated flowers

Answer 30

colour, fragrance, flower shape

Question 31

Wind pollinated flowers

Answer 31

dull colours, plain, reduced scent and nectar, pollen light-weight

Question 32

Maple Key

Answer 32

dispersed by wind, they have wing-like structures

Question 33

Fireweed

Answer 33

dispersed by wind, they tend to be feathery and their seeds crack open.

Question 34

Sticky burrs

Answer 34

Attach to animals by their hooks & barbs, they rely on animals

Question 35

Apples

Answer 35

By animals, fleshy which entices animals to eat them and release their seeds in faeces

Question 36

Coconut

Answer 36

Water dispersal, it is very buoyant which allows fruit to float in the sea

Question 37

Lupine

Answer 37

Seed pods, they burst which allows them to disperse by propulsion

Question 38

The Fruit

Answer 38

- Two functions: protection and seed dispersal - Fruit dispersal mechanisms: wind, water, animal, and propulsion - Reproduces without seeds - Gives rise to clones

Question 39

Intro

Answer 39

While plants carry out sexual reproduction through the union of a sperm nucleus (part of a pollen grain) and an egg (enclosed in an ovule in the ovary), many can also reproduce asexually (VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION)

Question 40

Vegetative reproduction

Answer 40

involves growth of the plant from specialized structures by mitosis.

Question 41

Pollination

Answer 41

is the process by which pollen is transferred from male organ of the plant (the anther) to the female organ (the carpel). Most seed plants rely on animals or wind to distribute their pollen. Once the pollen reaches the female organ a pollen tube grows to the ovule allowing FERTILIZATION

Question 42

Fertilization

Answer 42

the union of the sperm nucleus and the egg. After fertilization has occured, the resulting zygote develops into an embryo.

Question 43

A seed

Answer 43

Consists of the embryo, a source of stored nutrients (endosperm) and a protective seed coat. While flowering plants are not the only plants that have seeds (gymnosperms such as pine also have seeds), seeds are another reason for the success of angiosperms as seeds are much more resilient than the spores that are found in some plants. Seeds are produced within a FRUIT (a mature ovary).

Question 44

Daffodil (bulb)

Answer 44

Has fleshy leaves arising from the small stem base

Question 45

Crocus (corm)

Answer 45

Looks like a bulb but has papery scale-like leaves covering the corm

Question 46

Potato (tuber)

Answer 46

Has buds/eyes on their surfaces, they are swollen portions of stems

Question 47

Bulbs

Answer 47

the bulk of a bulb consists of fleshy leaves that arise from a small stem at its base.

Question 48

Corms

Answer 48

Corms superficially look like bulbs but are composed almost entirely of stem tissue with papery scale-like leaves that cover the corm.

Question 49

Tubers

Answer 49

Tubers are swollen portions of stem that are usually found underground, as they are stems, they have buds also known as "eyes" on their surfaces. When farmers plant potatoes, they usually plant pieces of cut up potato containing an eye (not seeds). Each "eye" on the tuber has the potential to develop into a new plant.