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Biology 120 > Lab 1-3 Exam > Flashcards

Lab 1-3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Key points for setting up a microscope.

A
  • start on low power
  • center and focus
  • set the condenser
  • move un to high power, remember to center and focus
  • adjust iris diaphragm
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2
Q

What is the formula for estimating the actual size of a cell/organism?

A

diameter of field of view/ # of times the cell/organism fits across the field of view

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3
Q

What is the diameter of field of view for the 4x, 10x, and 40x objective lens?

A

4.40mm, 1.75mm, 0.44mm

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4
Q

What four basic structural features do all living cells have?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • ribosomes
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5
Q

Define prokaryotes

A

cell or organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus

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6
Q

Define glycocalyx

A

it traps water and protects the bacterium from desiccation

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7
Q

Define capsule

A

a very thick glycocalyx in bacterial cells which prevent the bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system or to help them adhere to surfaces

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8
Q

Define nucleoid

A

region of prokaryotes where genetic material is located (usually one circular chromosome)

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9
Q

Define eukaryotes

A

cell or organism that contains membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus

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10
Q

Eukaryotic cells are ______ in size than prokaryotic cells.

A

larger

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11
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes are….

A

linear

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12
Q

Cell wall material in prokaryotes

A

polysaccharides and amino acids

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13
Q

Cell wall material in plants and fungi

A

cellulose or chitin respectively

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14
Q

What factors may contribute to pollution in the samples?

A
  • climate
  • sewage
  • pesticide
  • run-off
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15
Q

Examples of Light Microscopy

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

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16
Q

Examples of Electron Microscopy

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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17
Q

Prokaryotes include what groups of organisms?

A

bacteria and archaea

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18
Q

Eukaryotes include what groups of organisms?

A

plants, fungi, animals, and protists

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19
Q

Define plasmids

A

small pieces of circular DNA

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20
Q

What are the three types of plastids?

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts

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21
Q

Green pigments that capture light energy used in photosynthesis called ________ are located on the _____________ in chloroplasts.

A
  • chlorophyll

- thylakoid membranes

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22
Q

Define plasmodesmata

A

slender cytoplasmic connections used by plant cells to communicate

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23
Q

Define stomata

A

where gas exchange occurs

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24
Q

Define guard cells

A

regulate the opening and closing of stomata

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25
Define anthocyanins
blue, purple, and red pigments that occur in the central vacuole some plants and are water soluble
26
Define pseudopodia
cellular extensions that form, enabling the organism crawl and perform phagocytosis
27
What cytoskeletal component is responsible for pseudopod formation?
microfilaments
28
Define phagocytosis
a process where pseudopodia encircles and traps small animals and other food particles to be packaged into food vacuoles
29
Define contractile vacuole
functions in osmoregulation
30
Define osmoregulation
maintenance of a constant internal solute concentration by an organism
31
What cytoskeletal component are cilia and flagella made of?
microtubules
32
Define cell wall
provides support and protection
33
Define central vacuole
- stores water, enzymes, ions, proteins, pigments, toxins | - provides support through maintenance of turgor pressure
34
Define chloroplasts
- where photosynthesis occurs | - contains chlorophyll
35
Define chromoplasts
-plastids that contain pigment (carotenoids) that give colouration to attract for pollination and seed dispersal
36
Define cilia
-short appendages that facilitate locomotion
37
Define cytoplasm
-creates an environment for processes that take place in the cell
38
Define cytoskeleton
gives cell shape and structure
39
Define microtubules
structure and movement of cilia + flagella, cell organization and shape
40
Define microfilaments
cell strength, shape + structure
41
Define flagella
long appendages used for locomotion
42
Define food vacuole
contains food particles engulfed by cell
43
Define golgi apparatus
modifies, stores, and ship products of the ER
44
Define leucoplasts
-plastid that lacks pigments; stores + produce different macromolecules
45
Define lysosome
-contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest a cells food + wastes
46
Define mitochondria
carries out cellular respiration and supplies majority of ATP
47
Define nucleolus
where ribosome subunit assembly occurs
48
Define nucleus
contains the cells genetic material and controls cells function, DNA synthesis, and RNA transcription
49
Define plasma membrane
separates a cell's contents from surrounding environment and regulates passage of substance in and out of cell; selectively permeable
50
Define ribosomes
found in cytoplasm and synthesizes protein
51
Define rough ER
initial synthesis + sorting proteins for export; studded with ribosomes
52
Define smooth ER
lipid synthesis + modifications; detoxification of drugs and alcohol, calcium storage, glycogen breakdown
53
Define vesicles
contains macromolecules for storage, transport, or secretion
54
Define solute
a substance that is dissolved in a liquid
55
Define solvent
a liquid that has dissolved or can dissolve
56
Define solution
a liquid and its dissolved solutes
57
Define passive transport
transport occurs without the expenditure of energy (diffusion and osmosis)
58
Define diffusion
the random movement of molecules of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of low concentration of that substance.
59
Define osmosis
the movement of a solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
60
Define isotonic
solute concentrations are same inside and outside of cell; therefore, equal movement of water in and out
61
Define hypertonic
if a cell has a higher solute concentration than their environment
62
Define hypotonic
cells have a lower solute concentration than their environment
63
Define turgor pressure
the plasma membrane forced to push outward
64
Define plasmolysis
contraction of a plant cell as a result of loss of water
65
Define binary fission
prokaryotic cell division (circular chromosome replicates, cell wall and cell membrane grow inward to divide into two, identical daughter cells)
66
Define chromatin
DNA and associated proteins
67
Define genes
specific nucleotide sequences of DNA that code for particular characteristics
68
Define mitosis
division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei
69
Define cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm between resulting daughter cells
70
What are some of the major functions of mitosis?
-production and maintenance of multicellularity (development from zygote, to embryo, to adult) -asexual reproduction -replacement or old/damaged tissue
71
Describe Interphase
G1: cell growth, organelles form S: DNA replicates G2: resumes growth
72
Describe prophase
-chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope disintegrates , spindle microtubules begin to form
73
Describe metaphase
- spindle apparatus is fully formed - microtubules attach to centromeres of chromosome which have - lined up an mid point of the spindle
74
Describe Anaphase
- centromeres of each replicated chromosome separate and | - single chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
75
Define telophase in plant cells
- single chromosomes at poles begin to uncoil, - nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes - cytokinesis begins and cell plate forms and grows outward until it forms a complete cell wall that separates the two daughter cells
76
Define telophase in animal cells
- single chromosomes at poles uncoil - nuclear envelope begins to form around each group - cytokinesis begins and cleavage furrow forms between the 2 nuclei and pinches the cell into 2 separate daughter cells
77
Define multicellular
single organisms that have specialized cells that perform different functions
78
Define pyrenoid
contained within the chloroplast and is responsible for the synthesis of starch from the sugars produced by photosynthesis
79
Define colony
composed of individual cells or organisms that adhere to each other and may communicate with each other

Biology 120 (16 decks)

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