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BIOL 223 Lab > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

(150 cards)

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1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Structures large enough to see with the naked eye

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4
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • Also called Optical Microscope

- Uses visible light and lenses to magnify an object

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5
Q

Simple

A

Single lens

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6
Q

Compound

A

Light passes through a series of lenses

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7
Q

How do you carry a microscope correctly?

A

Grasp the arm with one hand and rest the microscope’s base on other hand

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8
Q

Head

A
  • Upper part of frame
  • Supports lenses
  • Also called body tube
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9
Q

Arm

A
  • Vertical part of frame

- Connects head and base

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10
Q

Light Switch

A

-Turns light source off and on

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11
Q

Rheostat

A
  • Adjusts intensity of light

- Also called the light intensity knob

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12
Q

Base

A
  • Bottom part of frame

- Contains light source

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13
Q

Light Source

A
  • Found within the base

- Illuminates the specimen

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14
Q

Slide Clips

A
  • hold slide in place on stage
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15
Q

Mechanical stage

A
  • platform for slide to sit on
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16
Q

Mechanical stage adjustor knob

A
  • moves stage forward, back, left, or right
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17
Q

Fine focus knob

A
  • used for precision focusing
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18
Q

Coarse focus knob

A
  • raises or lowers the stage
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19
Q

Iris diaphragm

A
  • adjusts contrast

- opens and closes to regulate the amount of light reaching the condenser

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20
Q

Condenser

A
  • lens below the stage

- concentrates light onto the specimen

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21
Q

Objective lenses

A
  • four strengths
  • scanning lens, 4x magnification
  • low power lens, 10x magnification
  • high power lens, 40x magnification
  • oil immersion, 100x magnification
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22
Q

High Power

A
  • lens closest to slide
  • 400x total magnification
  • smallest field of view
  • largest image
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23
Q

Low Power

A
  • lens medium distance from slide
  • 100x total magnification
  • intermediate size field of view
  • intermediate size image
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24
Q

Scanning Power

A
  • lens farthest from slide
  • 40x total magnification
  • largest field of view
  • smallest image
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25
Revolving nosepiece
- supports objective lenses | - rotates to change objective lenses
26
What are all living things composed of?
Cells
27
What are 3 common characteristics of cells?
1. The outer boundary of cell is the plasma membrane. 2. All cells store genetic information in the form of DNA. 3. Everything inside the plasma membrane that is not DNA or nucleus is cytoplasm.
28
What is the plasma membrane?
The outer boundary of the cell.
29
What form do cells store genetic information in?
DNA
30
What is inside the plasma membrane that is not DNA or the nucleus?
Cytoplasm
31
What is the levels of organization in hierarchical manner?
1. Organelles 2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Systems (OC TOS)
32
What are Organelles?
- Structures found inside a cell - Each performs a function necessary for a cells to survive and perform its duties - Example: nucleus containing the DNA of the cell
33
What are Cells?
- Composed of organelles - Most basic unit of life because a cell divides to reproduce itself - Example: cardiac muscle cell
34
What are tissues?
- composed of identical cells - four basic types in the body - each type performs a specific function - example: cardiac muscle tissue
35
What are organs?
- composed of two or more types of tissue - these work together to perform a specific function - example: the heart contract to pump blood
36
What are systems?
- group of organs with related functions - each system carries out one of the primary functions necessary to sustain life - example: the cardiovascular system carries blood throughout the body to deliver vital substances like oxygen
37
Nucleus
- contains DNA | - pattern for building all proteins for the cell
38
Nuclear envelope
- membrane around nucleus | - DNA can't cross it
39
Nucleolus
- area in nucleus | - site of rRNA synthesis
40
Chromatin
- unwound DNA inside nucleus
41
Nuclear pores
- opening in nuclear envelope | - allows mRNA out of nucleus
42
Cytoskeleton
- several different types | - internal scaffolding for cell
43
Cytoplasm
- semi-solid substance - fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus - composed of organelles suspended in cytosol
44
Plasma membrane
- outer boundary of cell - lipid bilayer - regulates what enters or leaves cell
45
Ribosomes
- composed of rRNA and proteins - site of mRNA translation - free ribosomes are in cytoplasm - fixed ribosomes stud outside of RER
46
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- membranous organelle - network of channels - site of protein synthesis
47
Mitochondrion
- membranous organelle - bean shaped - site of ATP synthesis
48
Lysosome
- membrane bound vesicle | - contains hydrolytic enzyme
49
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- membranous organelle - forms tube like structure - site of lipid synthesis
50
Centriole
- paired organelle | - organizes spindle fibers during mitosis
51
Golgi apparatus
- membranous organelle - forms stack of plates - proteins packaged for secretion
52
Transport vesicle
- membrane bound vesicle | - transports substances throughout the cell
53
Interphase
- consists of G1, S, & G2 phases - time during which cell is carrying out its functions and growing larger - replicates DNA as it prepares to divide
54
First Growth (G1) phase
- cell grows lager | - carries out cellular functions
55
Synthesis (S) phase
- DNA is replicated - sister chromatids are formed - organelles increase in number
56
Second Growth (G2) phase
- cells grows larger - prepares to divide - continues to carry out cellular functions
57
Cell division
- consists of the four stages of mitosis and cytokinesis | - time during which original cell produces two identical daughter cells
58
Mitosis
- equal division of DNA | - consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
59
Cytokinesis
- division of cytoplasm | - results in two equal cells
60
Interphase
- cell carries out its functions - DNA is diffuse and called chromatin - no chromosomes are visible - cell replicates DNA and organelles as it prepares to enter mitosis
61
Prophase
- first stage of mitosis - chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes called sister chromatids - sister chromatids are result of DNA replication, two identical chromosomes connected by a centromere - nuclear envelope begins to break down - spindle fibers appear
62
Metaphase
- second stage of mitosis - nuclear envelope is gone - centromere of each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers - sister chromatids line up along equator of cell
63
Anaphase
- third stage of mitosis - sister chromatids separate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes - chromosomes being to migrate to the poles
64
Telophase
- fourth stage of mitosis - chromosomes reach poles - spindle fibers disappear - nuclei begin to reform
65
Cytokinesis
- physical division of cell following division of DNA - when done, two identical daughter cells are formed - each daughter cell enters interphase and entire process begins again
66
What is the organization of the body?
- individual cells - similar cells group together to form a type of tissue - different types of tissues associate with each other to form an organ - organs interact with each other to form a system
67
Anatomical Position
- standing erect - eyes gazing forward - arms straight - palms facing forward - fingers extended - legs slightly apart - feet flat - toes pointing forward
68
How many planes can the body be divided into?
- frontal/coronal plane - sagittal plane - transverse plane
69
Coronal Plane
- vertical plane - divides body into anterior and posterior sections - also called frontal plane - cut along this plane gives a coronal or frontal section
70
Transverse Plane
- horizontal plane - divides body into upper and lower sections - cut along this plane gives a transverse section
71
Oblique plane
- diagonal plane
72
Sagittal Plane
- vertical plane - divides body into right and left sections - cut along this plane gives sagittal section
73
Mid-sagittal line
- line through umbilicus (navel) | - divides body into right and left halves
74
What does Superficial mean?
towards the surface of the body
75
What does Deep mean?
further away from the surface
76
What is a relative term?
One that only has meaning when it is compared to another | Ex: the heart is superior to the stomach, but it's inferior to the mouth
77
Superior OR Cranial
Superior: above, toward the top Cranial: toward the head
78
Medial
toward the middle
79
Inferior OR Caudal
Inferior: below, toward bottom Caudal: toward feet
80
Lateral
toward the side
81
Anterior OR Ventral
Anterior: toward front side Ventral: toward belly side
82
Posterior OR Dorsal
Posterior: toward back side Dorsal: toward vertebral side
83
Proximal
nearer to the trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)
84
Distal
further from he trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)
85
Cephalic (head)
- cranial (skull) - facial (face) - cervical (neck)
86
Trunk
- thoracic (chest) - abdominal (abdomen) - pelvic (pelvis)
87
Anatomical name for: eye socket
Orbital
88
Anatomical name for: ear
Otic
89
Anatomical name for: nose
nasal
90
Anatomical name for: cheek
buccal
91
Anatomical name for: mouth
oral
92
Anatomical name for: chin
mental
93
Anatomical name for: breast bone
sternal
94
Anatomical name for: underarm
axillary
95
Anatomical name for: arm
brachial
96
Anatomical name for: breast
mammary
97
Anatomical name for: front of elbow
antecubital
98
Anatomical name for: navel
umbilical
99
Anatomical name for: forearm
antebrachial
100
Anatomical name for: wrist
carpal
101
Anatomical name for: thumb
pollex
102
Anatomical name for: palm
palmar
103
Anatomical name for: fingers
Digits OR Phalanges
104
Anatomical name for: thigh
femoral
105
Anatomical name for: hip
coxal
106
Anatomical name for: kneecap
patellar
107
Anatomical name for: leg
crural
108
Anatomical name for: ankle
tarsal
109
Anatomical name for: toes
Digits OR Phalanges
110
Anatomical name for: big toes
hallux
111
Anatomical name for: foot
pedal
112
Anatomical name for: genitals
pubic
113
Anatomical name for: groin
inguinal
114
Anatomical name for: abdomen
abdominal
115
Anatomical name for: chest
thoracic
116
Anatomical name for: neck
cervical
117
Anatomical name for: face
facial
118
Anatomical name for: skull
cranial
119
Anatomical name for: head
cephalic
120
Anatomical name for: base of skull
occipital
121
Anatomical name for: shoulder
acromial
122
Anatomical name for: shoulder blade
scapular
123
Anatomical name for: back
dorsum
124
Anatomical name for: back bone
vertebral
125
Anatomical name for: back of elbow
olecranal
126
Anatomical name for: low back
lumbar
127
Anatomical name for: between hips
sacral
128
Anatomical name for: hand
manus
129
Anatomical name for: fingers
phalanges
130
Anatomical name for: buttocks
gluteal
131
Anatomical name for: thigh
femoral
132
Anatomical name for: back of knee
popliteal
133
Anatomical name for: calf
sural
134
Anatomical name for: sole
plantar
135
Anatomical name for: arm
upper extremity
136
Anatomical name for: leg
lower extremity
137
Anatomical name for: heal
calcaneal
138
cranial cavity
- contains the brain | - protected by meninges
139
spinal cavity
- contains spinal cord | - protected by meninges
140
mediastinum
- center of thoracic cavity | - contains all organs between the lungs
141
pleural cavity
- each pleural cavity contains one lung | - encased by pleura
142
right hypochondriac
refers to region lying under costal cartilage
143
epigastric
lying superior to stomach
144
left hypochondriac
lying under costal cartilage
145
right lumbar
- lumbar means loin | - region between ribs and pelvic bones
146
umbilical
named for lying over umbilicus
147
left lumbar
- lumbar means loin | - region between ribs and pelvic bones
148
right inguinal
named for inguinal (groin) region
149
hypogastric
lying inferior to stomach
150
left inguinal
named for inguinal (groin) region

BIOL 223 Lab (1 decks)

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