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Ichthyology > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Define allometric growth

A

Changes in body proportions during maturation

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2
Q

Total length

A

Straight-line distance from most anterior point of the fish to the tip of the caudal fin

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3
Q

Standard length

A

Most anterior tip of fish to end of vertebral column at base of caudal fin

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4
Q

Hypural plate

A

Internal structure in teleosts marking the end of the vertebral column

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5
Q

How to find hypural plate

A

Bend caudal fin laterally near the base - crease marks end of vertebral column

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6
Q

Snout-vent length

A

Distance from tip of snout to opening of anus

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7
Q

Fork length

A

Distance from most anterior tip of fish to middle of the fork of the caudal fin
Can only be measured where the caudal fin has a distinct fork or indentation

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8
Q

Head length

A

Distance from most anterior point of fish to the most posterior extension of operculum
Includes any membranous flap on operculum
In skates, rays and sharks goes to base of the most posterior gill slit

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9
Q

Maximum depth of body

A

Maximum vertical height of body not including fins

Located about 1/3 of the length from snout in active swimmers, such as the perch

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10
Q

Minimum depth of caudal peduncle

A

Minimum vertical height of trunk region between posterior insertion of anal fin and caudal fin

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11
Q

Three types of fin rays

A

Spiny
Heavy spinous
Soft

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12
Q

Features of spiny rays

A

Usually stiff and sharp (but not always)

Unsegmented + unbranched

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13
Q

Features of spinous rays

A

Stiff + often have sharp barbs on posterior edge (eg in catfish)
Not true spiny rays but thickened, hardened soft rays

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14
Q

Features of soft rays

A

Usually branched and clearly segmented

Usually occur on posterior portion of a fin behind spinous rays

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15
Q

Cleithrum

A

Shoulder girdle

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16
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils
Not connected to oral cavity - blind-ended sacs
Sensory organs ONLY

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17
Q

Protective layer on outside of eye

A

Cornea

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18
Q

Specialised cells in the retina

A

Rods + cones

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19
Q

Caniniform

A

Pointed, elongated teeth

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20
Q

Incisoriform

A

Blade-like teeth

Sharp, cutting edge with broad base

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21
Q

Molaiform

A

Blunt, flattened teeth

For grinding + crushing

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22
Q

Cirri

A

Small, fleshy projections from fish head
Chemosensory (taste) or mechanosensry function
Not present in all fishes

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23
Q

Branchiostegal rays

A

Parallel, bony struts arranged like ribs of bellow or a fan
Connect membrane of skin below and between the two sides of the lower jaw or mandible
Stretch -> expand buccal cavity -> draw in water
Support gill membranes

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24
Q

Isthmus

A

Skin connecting two sides of lower jaw on ventral side of head

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25
Classification of gill membranes
Free or separate - not joined to isthmus or to each other United - joined to each other across, but not to, the isthmus Joined to the isthmus
26
Barbels
Fleshy, hair-like projections on the chin or around the mouth Chemosensory or mechanosensory function Cods, catfishes + sturgeons
27
Finlets
Numerous small, flag-like projections between main dorsal fins and caudal fin or anal fin Present in fast swimming fish such as tuna
28
Function of anal fin
Stabiliser to prevent roll | Usually absent from bottom dwelling species
29
Heterocercal tail
Upper lobe of caudal fin is larger | Posterior end of vertebral column extends into upper lobe of caudal fin
30
Homocercal tail
Symmetrical
31
Neuromasts
Specialised sense organs in lateral line system Nerve endings are sensitive to subtle changes in pressure in the water Usually more concentrated at head end of lateral line
32
Ctenoid scales
Common in fishes with at least one spiny ray in the dorsal fin Common in flatfishes such as halibut and flounders on their uppermost surface Comb-like projections (ctenii) on exposed edge of scales
33
Placoid scales
Sometimes called dermal denticles Characteristic of Chondrichthyes Unlayered, tooth-like scales
34
Ganoid scales
Heavy + plate-like | Form a bony armour
35
Cycloid scales
Thin + round Flat overlapping scales In most soft-rayed fishes
36
Ctenii
Comb-like projections on exposed edge of ctenoid scales
37
Circuli
Growth rings in fish that have seasonal variations in growth | Faster growth -> rings further apart
38
Axial muscles
Make up most of the mass of the trunk
39
Myomeres
Form W-shaped blocks in axial muscles
40
Electroplaques
Arrangement of axial muscles in fish that are able to produce electric current Insulating layers between muscles + skin -> act like a storage battery to accumulate electrical charge
41
Physostomous condition
Fish that have a duct connecting the swim bladder to the mouth in bony fish Ancestral Used to breathe atmospheric air during periods of drought
42
Physoclistous condition
Fish that do not have a duct connecting the swim bladder to the mouth More advanced bony fish
43
Pyloric ceca
Blunt-ended finger-like projections extending into the stomach Over 100 in salmonids Increase absorptive surface area of stomach
44
Mesentery
Surrounds the intestine | May contain yellow-orange fat deposits
45
Function of spleen
Produces new blood cells and destroys old ones
46
Function of reproductive ducts
Conduct gametes from gonads to outside for fertilisation
47
Function of cerebral hemispheres of forebrain
Sense of smell
48
Cerebellum
Hindbrain
49
Function of the cerebellum
Co-ordinates muscular movement and adjusts spatial equilibrium Integrates info from lateral line + inner eat
50
Elongated body form
Fusiform
51
Anguilliform
Eel-like | Greatly elongated
52
Ovate body form
Truncated | Shortened
53
Compressiform
Thin, narrow, deep | Eg. angel fish
54
Depressiform
Flattened
55
Globiform
Subcircular Hemispherical Eg. pufferfish
56
Holobranch
Bony gill arch supporting gill filaments | Four on each side of gill cavity in most fish
57
Hemibranch
Reduced gill arch | Attached to underside of operculum
58
Gill rakers
Extensions of gill arches Project inwards Prevent food particles passing out with flow of respiratory water
59
Agnathans
Jawless fishes
60
Ostracoderms
500 million years ago (Cambrian period) Jawless fishes Successful for 100 million years
61
Surviving ostracoderms today
Lampreys + hagfishes
62
Differences between hagfish and lampreys
Hagfish have single nostril opening into the mouth, lampreys do not Lampreys have well developed eyes, hagfishes do not Lampreys have well-developed lateral line system, hagfish do not
63
Ammocoetes
Filter-feeding larval stage of lampreys
64
Lamprey teeth
Made of keratin | Derived from the skin
65
Which (hagfish or lampreys) have dorsal fins?
Lampreys
66
Which (hagfish or lampreys) have pre-anal fins?
Hagfish
67
Origin of the jaw
Hinged gill supports modified for improved feeding efficiency
68
Number of dorsal fins in sharks
Never more than two
69
Most sharks have ___ gill slits
5 but can have 6 or 7
70
Function of spiracles in sharks
Accessory water intake when mouth is feeding
71
Carchariniformes
Largest order of sharks | Hammerheads, requiem sharks, blue sharks and cat sharks
72
Rajiformes
Rays and skates
73
What order do rays and skates belong to?
Rajiformes
74
Position of gill openings on a skate
Ventral
75
The anterior edge of skate's pectoral fin is attached to...
Side of the head
76
The sting on an electric ray is a modified...
Caudal muscle
77
Basking shark feeding method
Filter feeder | Traps plankton in gill rakers
78
Differences between skates and rays
Skates are oviparous (lay eggs), rays are viviparous (live births) Skates have distinct dorsal fins, rays have lost or is vestigial Skates pelvic fin is divided into two lobes, rays have just one Skates have a fleshy tail, rays have a whip=like tail with 1-2 stinging spines Skates are usually smaller Rays usually inhabit shallower water (although not always)
79
Holocephali
Chimaeras + ratfish First definitive fossils from Jurassic period 200 million years ago but could be much earlier Cartilaginous skeleton + internal fertilisation
80
Autostylic jaw suspension
Upper jaw is connected directly to cranium, lower jaw is directly attached
81
Protection for gills in chimaeras
Calcified opercular plate | Not present in any other fish
82
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Sensing organs - jelly-filled pores Electroreceptors Common in sharks, rays + chimaeras
83
Function of head clasper in male ratfish
Stimulate female during courtship

Ichthyology (5 decks)

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