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Biology 124 Lab- Quiz 1 > Lab 1: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Lab 1: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

ahh (58 cards)

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1
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria act as…

A

Decomposers

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2
Q

What is the role of decomposers?

A

Nutrient recycling, key to biogeochemical cycles.

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3
Q

Both Archaea and Bacteria are:

A

Microscopic prokaryotes.

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4
Q

What makes a cell prokaryotic.

A

Lack membrane bound organelles like: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria.

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5
Q

What is the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Fix nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere, into a compound plants can use.

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6
Q

Example of a nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Rhizobium

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7
Q

Role of photosyntheic bacteria?

A

Use light energy to synthesize their organic molecules

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8
Q

Role of chemosyntheitic bacteria?

A

Oxidize inorganic compounds (ie. sulfur) to synthesize organic molecules.

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9
Q

Bacteria shapes:

A

spherical, rod shaped and cylindrical

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10
Q

What is another term for a colony of bacteria?

A

An aggregate.

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11
Q

The four noted differences of Archaea compared to Bacteria:

A
  • lack of muramic acid in cell walls
  • branched membrane lipids
  • cell walls lack peptidoglycan
  • some cell walls have pseudopeptidoglycan
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12
Q

What are the three major evolutionary branches or phylum of Archeabacteria?

A
  • Euryarchaeota
  • Crenarchaeota
  • Korarchaeota
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13
Q

More recently added group to archaea?

A

Lokiarchaeota

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14
Q

Examples of Euryarchaeota:

A

Extreme environments: halophiles, methanogens, some extreme thermophiles.

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15
Q

Examples of Crenarchaeota:

A

Very hot, very cold environments: psychrophiles (cold) and hyperthermophiles (heat loving)

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16
Q

Korarchaeota facts:

A

Most primitive, least evolved.

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17
Q

Where where Lokiarchaeota found?

A

Hydrothermal vents along the arctic mid-ocean ridge.

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18
Q

What halophile was used in the lab?

A

Halobacterium salinarium

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19
Q

Facts about Halococcus agglomeratus:

A

Halophiles that are red pigmented, aerobic, coccid, and extreme halophiles.

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20
Q

Methanogen example:

A

Methanomonas methylovora- anaerobic, inhabit mud, bottom sediments and digestive systems.

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21
Q

Bacteria groups consist of:

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Green bacteria?
  • Spirochetes
  • Gram Positive Bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Chlamydia
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22
Q

In terms of groupings bacteria are mostly ( ) but can be ( ).

A

unicellular, colonial

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23
Q

How do Bacteria differ from Archaeabacteria?

A

They are more numerous in the environment and they have fatty acids embedded in their plasma membrane.

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24
Q

How do bacteria aqcuire their nutrition?

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A

Photoautotrophic, chemoautotropic, heterotrophic.

25
Bacterial shapes:
coccus, bacillus, spirillum (sing.)
26
Cocci cell arrangments:
single, diplo, strepto- (chain like), tetrads, staphylo- (clusters)
27
Bacillus cell arrangments:
coccibacillus, single, diplo-, strep-
28
All bacteria with the exception of what contains a cell wall:
Mollicutes group
29
What does gram staining determine?
A bacterium's susceptibility or resistance to certain antibiotics.
30
Gram-positive composition:
90% peptidoglycan (carbohydrates cross-linked with proteins)
31
Gram-negative composition:
Outer membrane with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES). Layer of peptidoglycan (btwn inner and outer membrane)- around 5-20% of total cell wall.
32
What do Gram-positive bacteria retain?
Crystal-violet dye
33
What fo Gram-negative bacteria retain?
Safranin
34
Broad spectrum antibiotics are:
effective on a wide range of microorganism, both gram positive and gram negative.
35
Narrow spectrum antibiotics are:
effective against a specific type of bacteria.
36
What is the Kirby Bauer Method?
Used to test bacteria sensitivity. If sensitive the bacteria will die/not be able to grow. If resistant the bacteria will grow normally.
37
Why does bacteria resistance result?
Bacteria produce resistance genes coding for specific enzymes that destroy antibiotics: like tetracycline or ampicillin.
38
What is the zone of inhibition?
Circle of no growth around an antibiotic.
39
Traits of cyanobacteria:
- Gram-negative - colour due to the presence of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin - can be unicellular but tend to form colonies - cell wall composed of murein - single stranded DNA
40
Location of Cyanobacteria:
freshwater, marine, hot springs and moist terrestrial environments
41
How do cyanobacteria work without chloroplasts?
They have chlorophyll a on thylakoid membranes
42
Example of cyanobacteria:
Anabaena, filementous, photoautotrophic genus
43
What are heterocysts?
Modified vegetative cell, specializing in nitrogen fixation
44
Why do heterocysts have three cell walls?
To prevent oxygen entry, as nitrogenase (responsible for nitrogen fixation) is unstable with oxygen.
45
How so Anabaena lower oxygen levels further?
They eliminate photosytem II
46
Anabeana form symbiotic relationships with what?
Mosquito Fern
47
Merismopedia are...
flat, unicellular cyanobacteria, commonly found in fresh and salt water environments. Sometimes in the BOG
48
What kind of colonies for Merismopedia form?
Rectangular colonies or 4-16, although several hundred cells can occur.
49
How are Merismopedia held together?
Mucilaginous membrane.
50
How does reproduction occur for Merismopedia?
Dissociation fo the colony or binary fission.
51
What are bacteriodes?
Nodules formed by Rhizobia bacteria
52
Role of nodules...
They obtain carbohydrates from the host with organic nitrogen.
53
How do nitrogen fixing bacteria work?
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form available to plants.
54
What do antibiotic inhibitors of cell wall synthesis do?
Interfere with: - peptidoglycan synthesis - disrupt peptidoglycan cross-linkages - disrupt the movement of peptidoglycan precursors
55
What do antibiotic inhibitors of cell membrane function do?
Disrupt or damage the cell membrane, whose role is to act as a barrier that can regulate the flow of intercellular and extracellular substances.
56
What do antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis do?
Bind to 30s or 50s subunits of DNA.
57
What do antibiotic inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis do?
Bind to components associated with DNA and RNA synthesis- esp. replication and transcription processes.
58
What do antibiotic inhibitors of metabolic processes do?
Interfere with bacterial processes key to bacteria survival.

Biology 124 Lab- Quiz 1 (2 decks)

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