Lab 1: Digestive System and Body Cavities (Rat) Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What type of animal are humans and rats
A
mammals
2
Q
What does dentition mean?
A
This is the arrangement of teeth in an organism
3
Q
What is the anterior part of the RAT
A
the head
4
Q
What is the anterior of a HUMAN
A
the front of the body
5
Q
What is the dorsal side of a RAT
A
the back
6
Q
What is the dorsal side of a HUMAN
A
their back
7
Q
What is the posterior side of a RAT
A
the tail
8
Q
What is the posterior side of a HUMAN
A
the back of the body
9
Q
What is the ventral side of a rat?
A
the belly
10
Q
What is the ventral side if a HUMAN
A
the belly
11
Q
What does medial mean?
A
close to the centre line of the body
12
Q
What does lateral mean?
A
far from the centre line (horizontally)
13
Q
What are rat teeth adapted for?
A
gnawing
14
Q
Mandible structure in a rat
A
mandible in two pieces, hinged in the middle
allows variation of bite
15
Q
Mandible structure in humans
A
single mandible bone
16
Q
Are canines present in rats
A
no
17
Q
Are canines present in humans
A
yes
18
Q
How many incisors do rats have
A
4
19
Q
How many molars do rats have
A
12
20
Q
Incisors __ throughout a rats life and lack ___ on their ___ surface giving rise to __ shape
A
grow, enamel, posterior, chisel
21
Q
Can the spacing between incisors in rats vary?
A
Yes, it can vary at will
22
Q
Do rats contain a gallbladder
A
no
23
Q
Do humans contain a gallbladder
A
Yes
24
Q
Shape of uterus in female rats
A
It is “Y” shaped with two “arms” or horns in which the embryos implant
25
Where is the penis located in male rats
The penis is mostly within, (not outside) the abdominal wall
26
How many "digits" do the fore and hind limbs of rats and humans have
5 (pentadactyle)
27
Function of tail in rats
to balance
28
When do humans have a tail
in embryo stage of life
29
What are nares
nostrils
30
When can nares be closed in rats
underwater
31
Can humans close their nares
no
32
What are Vibrissae
the long hairs on the face of rats
33
What do Vibrissae allow rats to do
Navigate confined spaces in darkness
34
What is anterior to the scrotum on a rat?
the prepuce
35
What is the prepuce
a skin fold concealing the glans of the penis
36
Where is the penis located in most primates
it is external to the body for most of its length
37
Membrane that SURROUNDS the peritoneal cavity
the peritoneum
38
Name of peritoneum membrane lining the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
39
What is a mesentery
the double layer of peritoneum suspending the intestine
40
What is the visceral peritoneum
the peritoneum covering the intestine
41
How many central cavities are present
4
42
What are pleural cavities
lung cavities
43
What is the pericardial cavity
heart cavity
44
Normal colour and texture of the lungs
bright pink and spongy
45
What is the anterior "base" of the heart overlapped by?
the two lobes of the thymus gland
46
Role of the thymus (2)
1. It is a lymphoid organ that plays a role in the formation of T-lymphocytes
2. It also secretes hormones that are important in the development of other lymphoid tissues
47
How long is the gut tube when stretched out (not convoluted)
5 times the body length of a rat
48
Why is the gut tube very long
gain increased surface area for absorption and secretion
49
The 3 tubular portions of the gut
oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine
50
Two sacs of the gut
stomach and caecum
51
Where does absorption and secretion occur?
anywhere downstream of the oesophagus and in the liver and pancreas (two large glands)
52
What are derived embryologically from the gut lining
the liver and pancreas
53
Where do the liver and pancreas shed their secretions
into the small intestine
54
what side of the body is the stomach
the left
55
Two major parts of the stomach
the greater and lesser curvature
56
What part of the stomach does the oesophagus enter into
the lesser curvature
57
Where does the oesophagus travel to in the body (from throat)
throat > through the thoracic cavity dorsal to the heart and lungs > diaphragm.
58
Purpose of the wall of anterior and lateral portion of the stomach which is thin and translucent so that the gut contents are often visible.
Food storage
59
What is the pyloric region of the stomach
the medical and posterior sides
60
Features of the pyloric region of the stomach
it is glandular and opaque
61
Function of the pyloric region of the stomach
Digestion: simple tubular glands release acid and enzymes which break large molecules down into small ones
62
What is the pyloric sphincter
a collar of smooth muscle which controls the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum
63
What is chyme
acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine
64
Name of the first section of the small intestine
the duodenum
65
Main function of the small intestine
is absorption of small molecules resulting from digestion
66
Three sections of the small intestine
duodenum leaving the stomach, jejunum, and ileum entering the caecum
67
What is the small intestine attached to the dorsal body wall by?
transparent mesentery (a double layer of peritoneum)
68
Function of blood vessels of mesentery of the small intestine
to supply and drain the intestinal wall
69
What are the arteries carrying high-pressure oxygenated blood to the intestinal wall branches of?
The dorsal aorta
70
Names of the two branches of the dorsal aorta that carry high-pressure oxygenated blood to the intestinal wall branches
coeliac a. and superior mesenteric a
71
What are the veins draining deoxygenated, nutrient-laden blood from the wall tributaries of?
the hepatic portal vein
72
Where does the hepatic portal vein lead to
the liver
73
What is contained in the digestive juice released by the pancreas
enzymes (lipases, amylases, and proteases)
74
Where do the digestive juices of the pancreas go?
into the duodenum
75
Why is the pancreas "dual purpose"
Because it
1. Secretes digestive juices
2. Secretes hormones from endocrine cells into the bloodstream
76
Where is the pancreas located in relation to the stomach
It is close to the greater curvature of the stomach
77
What is the largest gland in the body?
the liver
78
What type of glands do both the liver and pancreas possess?
Exocrine and Endocrine
79
By-product of the metabolic regulation function of the liver
bile
80
What does bile salt do?
it aids digestions and absorption of fat and vitamins
81
Where is bile stored in humans?
the gallbladder
82
Name of duct joining gallbladder to duodenum
cystic duct
83
How many lobes does the liver contain
4
84
What does the dark red colour of the liver indicate
a rich blood supply (vascular) and its connective tissue is very thin
85
Texture of liver
soft and jelly like
86
Why is the liver vulnerable to traumatic injury and as a result, causes severe internal bleeding
It's soft and jelly like (traumatic injury)
| And causes severe bleeding due to having a rich blood supply surrounded by THIN connective tissue
87
Where does the liver receive venous blood from
the gut wall via the hepatic portal vein
88
Where does the liver receive oxygenated blood from
the aorta (via the hepatic artery, a branch of the coeliac artery)
89
Is the spleen a part of the digestive system
NO
90
What system is the spleen a part of
the lymphatic system
91
Shape of rat spleen
leaf-shaped.
92
Shape of human spleen
fist-shaped
93
The four parts of the large intestine
caecum, colon, rectum and anus
94
Function of the large intestine
reabsorption of water and formation of faeces from the undigested food residue
95
Where is faeces retained
the rectum
96
What is the structure of the caecum
flabby, thin-walled bag
97
What is at the end of a human caecum
vermiform (worm-like) appendix
98
The three parts of the colon
one ascending (anteriorly) on the right, one transverse, and one descending (posteriorly) on the left towards the rectum
99
Consistency of colonic content upstream (leaving the caecum) of colon
semi-fluid
100
Consistency of colonic content downstream (approaching the rectum) of colon
firm faeces
101
What is the rectum
A short passage leading to the anal outlet
102
What is the anus
A sphincter under partial voluntary control which allows the faeces to be voided
103
What is the ventral surface of each kidney covered with
parietal peritoneum
104
What part of the kidney is attached to the body wall
the dorsal surface
105
retroperitoneal meaning (for kidneys)
behind the peritoneum
106
What is the hilus
the depression on the medial surface where the renal artery, renal vein and ureter access the kidney
107
Colour of urinary bladder
pale cream/yellow
108
Structural and textural features of seminal vesicles
elongated, curved and with a hard lumpy texture
109
Structural and textural features of the prostate gland
soft, pale-coloured, wrapped around the base of the urinary bladder
110
Where are the nasal passages in the head
they are dorsal
111
Where is the trachea in the head
ventral
112
Where is the mouth in the mead
ventral
113
Name of jaw "hinge" in a rat
temporo-mandibular joint
114
What is the hard plate
The anterior roof of the mouth, a bony partition separating the mouth from the nasal cavities above
115
What is the soft plate
the posterior roof of the mouth, lacking a core of bone.
116
Function of molar teeth
to form a grinding battery on either side of the jaw
117
What is the glottis
the opening into the trachea
118
What is the epiglottis
tiny, triangular flap that seals the glottis
119
Function of epiglottis
prevent food or water entering the trachea
120
What does the opening into the nasal cavities lead to
it leads anteriorly, dorsal to the soft palate
121
Where do salivary glands shed their secretions
into the mouth
122
Names of the three salivary glands
Sublingual, submandibular, parotid glands
123
What is a visceral membrane
a membrane that covers the organ
124
What is a parietal membrane
a membrane that covers the cavity
125
Pericardium in a rat
thin and delicate
126
Pericardium in a human
stronger, thicker, more fibrous
