Lab 1 - Endocrine

Question 1

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

Answer 1

source gland: posterior pituitary
target organ: Kidneys, sweat glands, arterioles
action: Conserve water by decreasing urine volume, decrease perspiration, increase blood pressure

Question 2

Oxytocin (OT)

Answer 2

source gland: posterior pituitary
target organ: uterus, mammary glands
action: Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth, stimulates ejection of milk from mammary glands after childbirth

Question 3

Human Growth
hormone (hGH)

Answer 3

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: Liver, skeletal muscles, cartilage, bone
action: Promotes growth of body cells by increasing protein synthesis, promotes tissue repair, increases blood glucose
regulated by: GNRH, GHIH

Question 4

thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH

Answer 4

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: thyroid gland
action: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones.
regulated by: hypothalamus, increase= TRH
decrease= GHIH, negative feedback

Question 5

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)

Answer 5

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: adrenal cortex
action: Stimulates secretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex (especially cortisol)
regulated by: hypothalamus
increase: CRH, trauma, low blood glucose
decrease: negative feedback

Question 6

Melanocyte stimulating
hormone (MSH)

Answer 6

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: brain, skin
action: Not clearly known. May influence brain
activity. Affects skin pigmentation.
regulated by: dopamine inhibits release

Question 7

Luteinizing
hormone (LH)

Answer 7

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: ovaries, testes
action: Female – triggers ovulation, stimulates
secretion of estrogen.
Male – stimulates secretion of testosterone
regulated by: GnRH

Question 8

Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)

Answer 8

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: ovaries, testes
action: Female – initiates monthly development of oocytes, simulates secretion of estrogen.
Male – stimulates sperm production (with testosterone)
regulated by: increase= GnRH
decrease: negative feedback

Question 9

Prolactin (PRL)

Answer 9

source gland: anterior pituitary
target organ: mammary glands
action: Stimulates milk production and secretion
(mammary glands must be “primed” by other hormones.
regulated by: hypothalamus
increase= PRH
decrease= PIH (dopamine)

Question 10

Thyroid hormones
(T3 and T4)

Answer 10

source gland: thyroid gland
target organ: whole body
action: Increases metabolic rate, stimulates synthesis of proteins, increases use of glucose and fatty acids for energy,
accelerates body growth, contributes to development of the nervous system.
regulated by: TSh

Question 11

Calcitonin (CT)

Answer 11

source gland: thyroid gland
target organ: bones, kidneys
action: Decrease blood calcium, promotes bone formation, inhibits osteoclasts
regulated by: blood calcium lvels

Question 12

Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

Answer 12

source gland: parathyroid gland
target organ: bones, kidneys
action: increases blood calcium, promotes bone resorption. Limits loss of calcium in the urine, stimulates osteoclasts
regulated by: blood calcium levels

Question 13

Epinephrine /
Norepinephrine
(NE)

Answer 13

source gland: adrenal medulla
target organ: Heart, skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, lungs.
action: Fight-or-flight response: Increase heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Dilates airways, increases blood glucose. Enhances the sympathetic division of the ANS.
regulated by: nerve impulses from hypothalamus

Question 14

Aldosterone

Answer 14

source gland: adrenal cortex
target organ: kidneys
action: increases blood sodium and water. Decreases blood potassium. Adjusts blood pressure and blood volume

Question 15

cortisol

Answer 15

source gland: adrenal cortex
target organ: liver, muscle, adipose tissue
action: increases protein and lipid breakdown. Increases glucose formation. Dampens inflammation and decreases the immune response.
regulated by: ACTH

Question 16

insulin

Answer 16

source gland: pancreas
target organ: Liver, muscles, adipose tissue
action: Lowers blood glucose, promotes formation of glycogen, promotes cell growth and differentiation

Question 17

glucagon

Answer 17

source gland: pancreas
target organ: Liver, muscles, adipose tissue
action: Raises blood glucose, stimulates
breakdown of glycogen.

Question 18

Testosterone

Answer 18

source gland: testes
target organ: testes, many cells in body
action: Regulates sperm production, promotes
development of male sex characteristics

Question 19

estrogen

Answer 19

source gland: ovaries
target organ: Uterus, mammary glands and many cells in body
action: Regulate female reproductive cycle,
promotes development of female sex
characteristics, maintain pregnancy

Question 20

progesterone

Answer 20

source gland: ovaries
target organ: Uterus, mammary glands and
many cells in body
action: Regulate female reproductive cycle,
promotes development of female sex
characteristics, maintain pregnancy

Question 21

melatonin

Answer 21

source gland: pineal gland
target organ: brain
action: Regulates biological clock, higher levels in darkness

Question 22

Diabetes
insipidus

Answer 22

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion
of ADH
Pathological effects: Water diabetes”. Causes excretion of large amounts of urine
(polyuria) of up to 20 L/day

Question 23

Gigantism

Answer 23

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood
Pathological effects: abnormal increase in length of long bones and individuals are abnormally tall.

Question 24

Acromegaly

Answer 24

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hypersecretion
of growth hormone during adulthood
Pathological effects: Bones and cartilage of hands, feet and face thicken.

Question 25

Pituitary growth failure (dwarfism)

Answer 25

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood Pathological effects: Slows bone growth, epiphyseal plates close early before normal height is reached. Treated with growth hormone, before the epiphyseal plates close

Question 26

Childhood Hypothyroidism

Answer 26

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 during early childhood Pathological effects: severe cognitive impairment

Question 27

myxedema

Answer 27

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 during adulthood Pathological effects: Swelling occurs due to accumulation of interstitial fluid (i.e., facial edema). Fatigue, lethargy, difficulty controlling weight, sensitivity to cold. Treatment consists of taking oral thyroid medication

Question 28

Graves’ disease

Answer 28

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 (autoimmune) Pathological effects: The enlarged thyroid gland produces too much T3 and T4. Causes protrusion of the eyes due to edema, increased metabolism, hyperactivity, weight loss, nervousness. Treatment can be surgical removal of part/all of the thyroid gland, radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid drugs to block synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Question 29

Addison’s disease

Answer 29

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone (mostly autoimmune) Pathological effects: Causes muscular weakness, fatigue, anorexia, dehydration, low blood pressure, low blood sodium, gradual failure of adrenal glands. Can be treated with prednisone, mineralocorticoids and increased dietary sodium

Question 30

Cushing’s disease

Answer 30

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hypersecretion of cortisol Pathological effects: Characterized by breakdown of muscle proteins and body fat redistribution resulting in spindly arms and legs, moon face, pendulous abdomen. Poor wound healing. Hyperglycemia,hypertension, less resistance to stress and susceptibility to infection.

Question 31

Type I diabetes mellitus

Answer 31

Hormone (HYPO/HYPER): Hyposecretion of insulin (autoimmune) Pathological effects: Causes hyperglycemia. Requires insulin injections, usually age of onset is < 20 years of age. Treatments being explored include pancreatic transplants and stem cells.

Question 32

Hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland

Answer 32

-posterior lobe does not synthesize hormones -Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone travel down axons in posterior pituitary where they are stored -hormone release is triggered by nerve signals from hypothalamus