lab 1: histology and joints

Question 1

which 2 structures do ligaments connect together?

Answer 1

bone with bone

Question 2

which 2 structures do tendons connect together?

Answer 2

bone with muscle

Question 3

what specific connective tissue type are ligaments and tendons composed of?

Answer 3

dense regular collagenous

Question 4

what are the lines visible on skeletal muscle which represent collections of muscle fibres?

Answer 4

muscle fasciculi

Question 5

which organs are situates immediately below the diaphragm?

Answer 5

on the right: liver
on the left: spleen and stomach

Question 6

which dome (right/left) of the diaphragm is higher?

Answer 6

the right dome is higher due to the large liver beneath it

Question 7

the diaphragm is made up of skeletal muscle- what is the term for a single muscle cell?

Answer 7

a muscle fibre

Question 8

diaphragm

Answer 8

The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges

Question 9

fibrous pericardium

Answer 9

The pericardium is a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels. It keeps the heart in a stable location in the mediastinum, facilitates its movements, and separates it from the lungs and other mediastinal structures.

Question 10

central tendon of diaphragm

Answer 10

The central tendon is an aponeurosis which forms the top of the dome-shaped diaphragm. It blends with the fibrous pericardium above, helping to maintain it in place.

Question 11

liver

Answer 11

The liver filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs. The liver also produces bile, a fluid that helps digest fats and carry away waste. The liver consists of four lobes, which are each made up of eight sections and thousands of lobules (or small lobes).

The liver is an organ that sits just under the rib cage on the right side of the abdomen. It can weigh up to 4 pounds (1.8 kilograms). The liver is needed to help digest food, rid the body of waste products and make substances, called clotting factors, that keep the blood flowing well, among other tasks.

Question 12

spleen

Answer 12

An organ that is part of the lymphatic and blood systems. The spleen filters the blood to help destroy microorganisms and get rid of old or damaged red blood cells. It also makes lymphocytes (white blood cells) and stores blood cells.

The spleen is a fist-sized organ in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It’s an important part of your immune system, but you can survive without it.

Question 13

stomach

Answer 13

The stomach is the digestive system’s most dilated portion. This organ lies between the oesophagus, which is superior to it, and the small intestine, which is inferior to it. The stomach is a large, muscular, and hollow organ with a great capacity to hold food

Question 14

superior mesenteric artery and vein

Answer 14

artery
The superior mesenteric artery is in the midsection of the digestive tract (midgut). It originates from the aorta between the celiac artery and renal arteries. The celiac artery supplies blood to the liver, spleen and stomach. The renal arteries send blood to the kidneys.

vein
the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum). Behind the neck of the pancreas, the superior mesenteric vein combines with the splenic vein to form the portal vein that carries blood to the liver.

Question 15

coeliac artery

Answer 15

Your celiac trunk is a major artery that has three branches: splenic, common hepatic and left gastric arteries. These provide many of your digestive system’s organs with blood. Your celiac trunk connects to your abdominal aorta, which carries oxygen-rich blood.

Question 16

aorta

Answer 16

The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. This artery is responsible for transporting oxygen rich blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The aorta begins at the left ventricle of the heart, extending upward into the chest to form an arch.

Question 17

inferior vena cava

Answer 17

the large vein that returns blood from the legs and abdomen to the heart.

Question 18

oropharynx

Answer 18

The middle part of the throat, behind the mouth. The oropharynx includes the soft palate (the back muscular part of the roof of the mouth), the side and back walls of the throat, the tonsils, and the back one-third of the tongue.

Question 19

genioglossus

Answer 19

The primary function of the genioglossus muscle is to protrude the tongue anteriorly and deviate the tongue to the opposite side. It also aids in swallowing as it will create a passage to the GIT. When the left and right genioglossus muscles act together, they will depress the middle part of the tongue.

Question 20

epiglottis

Answer 20

The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat. Its main function is to close over the windpipe (trachea) while you’re eating to prevent food entering your airway.

Question 21

nasopharynx

Answer 21

The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.

The main function of your nasopharynx is to connect your nasal passages to the rest of your respiratory system. This allows air to get from your nose to your lungs. Your nasopharynx also helps: Control pressure between your nasopharynx and middle ear.

Question 22

nasal cavity

Answer 22

The space inside the nose. The nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. It is divided into two sections called nasal passages.

Question 23

trachea

Answer 23

The airway that leads from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways that lead to the lungs). Also called windpipe.

Your trachea is made of thick rings of cartilage. A substance called mucosa lines this cartilage. Mucosa produces mucus, which traps dust, allergens or other particles to keep them from traveling to your lungs.

the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Question 24

laryngopharynx

Answer 24

The laryngopharynx, also referred to as the hypopharynx, is the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is a crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass. Specifically, it refers to the point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the oesophagus.

Question 25

larynx

Answer 25

Your larynx is a hollow tube in the middle of your neck, just above your trachea (windpipe) and esophagus. It makes it possible for you to make sounds, which is why it's also called your voice box. It also lets air pass from your throat to your trachea and on to your lungs.

Question 26

oesophagus

Answer 26

The oesophagus is a muscular tube. It connects your mouth to your stomach. When you swallow food, the walls of the oesophagus squeeze together (contract). This moves the food down the oesophagus to the stomach. The upper part of the oesophagus is behind the windpipe (trachea). Initially, the oesophagus is lined by a simple columnar epithelial layer, which is gradually replaced by a stratified squamous tissue comprised a clearly distinct basal layer surrounded by the spinous, granulated, and cornified suprabasal layers.

Question 27

the oesophagus moved food to the stomach via waves of peristalsis- what type of muscle allows this movement and how?

Answer 27

smooth muscle- specifically 2 layers with opposing fibre orientations

Question 28

intervertbral discs

Answer 28

It is a cushion of fibrocartilage and the principal joint between two vertebrae in the spinal column. made of fibrous cartilage- dense regular collagenous

Question 29

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 29

closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing and this prevents aspiration of food

Question 30

steps of respiration

Answer 30

Air enters your body through your nose or mouth. Air then travels down the throat through the larynx and trachea. Air goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi. then alveoli

Question 31

why is the left lung smaller and only has 2 lobes?

Answer 31

because the heart is in the way- cardiac notch

Question 32

which lung has 3 lobes?

Answer 32

the right lung

Question 33

what is meant by the cardiac notch?

Answer 33

The cardiac notch is an indentation on the surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart, allowing it to fit snugly within the thoracic cavity. right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2

Question 34

hilum of lung

Answer 34

Hila, or lung roots, are relatively complicated structures that consist mainly of the major bronchi and the pulmonary arteries and veins. The hilum of the lung is found on the medial aspect of each lung, and it is the only site of entrance or exit of structures associated with the lungs.

Question 35

bronchus

Answer 35

A large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung. The plural of bronchus is bronchi.

Question 36

pulmonary vein

Answer 36

Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart. Your pulmonary veins are part of your body's pulmonary circuit. This is a system of blood vessels that moves blood between your heart and your lungs.

Question 37

lymphatic system

Answer 37

The lymphatic system is our body's 'sewerage system'. It maintains fluid levels in our body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of our blood vessels. The lymphatic system is important for the optimal functioning of our general and specific immune responses. Your lymphatic system is part of your immune system. It produces and releases lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and other immune cells. These cells look for and destroy invaders — such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi — that may enter your body.

Question 38

pulmonary arteries

Answer 38

Your pulmonary arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs. In medical terms, the word “pulmonary” means something that affects your lungs. You have one main pulmonary artery, also known as your pulmonary trunk.

Question 39

why might lungs have a slightly speckled black appearance?

Answer 39

most likely air pollution- smokers lungs would be very black

Question 40

thorax

Answer 40

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax contains vital organs, including the heart, major blood vessels, and lungs. It is supported by the ribs, breastbone, and spine. A thin muscle called the diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen.

Question 41

which two heart chambers does the tricuspid valve separate?

Answer 41

the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 42

how many valve leaflets does the mirtal valve have?

Answer 42

2

Question 43

which side of the heart is thicker?

Answer 43

The lower chambers are the right and left ventricles, which receive blood from the atria above. Their muscular walls are thicker than the atria because they have to pump blood out of the heart. Although the left and right ventricle are similar in structure, the walls of the left ventricle are thicker and stronger.

Question 44

pulmonary trunk

Answer 44

You have one main pulmonary artery, also known as your pulmonary trunk. This artery directly connects with your heart at your pulmonary valve. This is the “door” that controls blood flow out of your lower right heart chamber (right ventricle).

Question 45

tricuspid valve

Answer 45

The tricuspid valve controls the flow of blood from your heart's right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber). Blood can leak backward into the atrium from the leaky tricuspid valve, causing your heart to pump harder to move blood through the valve.

Question 46

right coronary artery

Answer 46

The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right ventricle, the right atrium, and the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which regulate the heart rhythm. The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches, including the right posterior descending artery and the acute marginal artery.

Question 47

tracheal bifurcation

Answer 47

The tracheal bifurcation is the point at which the trachea splits into the left and right main stem bronchus conducting to the lungs

Question 48

pulmonary arteries

Answer 48

Your pulmonary arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs. In medical terms, the word “pulmonary” means something that affects your lungs. You have one main pulmonary artery, also known as your pulmonary trunk.

Question 49

papillary muscles

Answer 49

The papillary muscles of the heart are pillar-like muscles seen within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls. They have an integral role in proper cardiac valvular function.

Question 50

chordae tendinae

Answer 50

The chordae tendinae (CT) are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles. These are attached to the leaflets on to the ventricular side and prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atrial cavity during systole.

Question 51

which heart chambers are associated superior and inferior venae cavae?

Answer 51

right

Question 52

which heart chambers are associated with pulmonary veins?

Answer 52

left atrium

Question 53

which heart chambers are associated with pulmonary trunk (artery)?

Answer 53

right ventricle

Question 54

which heart chambers are associated with aorta?

Answer 54

left ventricle

Question 55

what type of muscle constitutes the myocardium?

Answer 55

cardiac muscle

Question 56

which ventricle wall is thicker? why is this?

Answer 56

the left ventricle has a thicker wall as it needs to build up pressure before blood is expelled into the systemic circulation

Question 57

AV and semilunar valves

Answer 57

The aortic and pulmonic valves are known as the semilunar valves, whereas the tricuspid and mitral valves are referred to as the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

Question 58

kidneys

Answer 58

They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side of your spine. Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine. The urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through two thin tubes of muscle called ureters, one on each side of your bladder.

Question 59

duodenum

Answer 59

The first part of the small intestine. It connects to the stomach. The duodenum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach.

Question 60

the duodenum forms the initial portion of which organ?

Answer 60

small intestine

Question 61

why is it important for the pancreas to be close to the duodenum?

Answer 61

it plays a large role in digesting food and regulating blood sugar

Question 62

pyramids of the kidney

Answer 62

The main renal pyramid function is to collect and transport urine through almost 1.25 million nephrons in the kidneys. The renal medulla consists of a series of renal pyramids, which appear striated because they contain straight tubular structures and blood vessels. The wide bases of the pyramids are adjacent to the cortex and the pointed ends, called renal papillae, are directed toward the centre of the kidney.

Question 63

which structures would you expect to find passing through the renal hilum?

Answer 63

ureter, renal arteries, renal veins, nerves and lymphatics

Question 64

how does blood flow through the heart?

Answer 64

1. deoxygenated blood flows from vena cava into right atrium 2. passes though tricuspid valve into right ventricle 3. passes though pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery 4. travels to lungs to be reoxygenated 5. oxygenated blood travels from lungs though pulmonary veins into left atrium 6. from left atrium though mitral valve and the left ventricle 7. finally the aortic valve and the aorta by which it is sent around the body

Question 65

where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

Answer 65

through pulmonary veins into left atrium

Question 66

where does deoxygenated blood flow into the heart?

Answer 66

through vena cava into the right atrium

Question 67

where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?

Answer 67

through pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery

Question 68

where does oxygenated blood leave the heart from?

Answer 68

through the aortic valve and the aorta

Question 69

what chambers of the heart does the tricuspid valve separate?

Answer 69

the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 70

what chambers of the heart does the mitral valve separate?

Answer 70

the left atrium and ventricle mitral valve= biscuspid valve

Question 71

what are the thin but strong flaps of tissue that heart valves are made of called?

Answer 71

leaflets or cusps

Question 72

outer cortex of kidneys

Answer 72

The renal cortex is brownish-red in colour. It's the outside part of the kidney. It covers the renal medulla, the inside part of the kidney. The medulla contains little triangular pieces called the renal pyramids. where glomerular capsules filter the blood and the proximal and distal convuluted tubules are found.

Question 73

glomerular capsules

Answer 73

Bowman's capsule (or the Bowman capsule, capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule) is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. found in outer cortex (glomerular capsules filter blood)

Question 74

where are the proximal and distal convoluted tubules found?

Answer 74

outer cortex of kidneys. The function of the proximal tubule is essentially reabsorption of filtrate in accordance with the needs of homeostasis (equilibrium), whereas the distal part of the nephron and collecting duct are mainly concerned with the detailed regulation of water, electrolyte, and hydrogen-ion balance.

Question 75

what does the inner medulla of the kidney consist of?

Answer 75

6-18 renal pyramids which together with columns of cortical tissue form the renal lobes (where urine is produced)

Question 76

renal pelvis

Answer 76

The renal pelvis is a hollow part in the middle of each kidney. The ureters are thin tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is about 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) long. Urine (pee) is your body's liquid waste and is made by the kidneys.

Question 77

minor calyces and renal papillae

Answer 77

Urine is made by the nephrons and drains into tiny collecting ducts within the medullary pyramids. The collecting ducts merge at the base of the pyramids to form the renal papilla. From the papilla, urine drains into cuplike structures called the major and minor calyces

Question 78

nephron of kidney

Answer 78

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. This means that each separate nephron is where the main work of the kidney is performed. A nephron is made of two parts: a renal corpuscle, which is the initial filtering component, and. a renal tubule that processes and carries away the filtered fluid.

Question 79

what is the largest gland in the body?

Answer 79

liver

Question 80

what is a gland ?

Answer 80

An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. *Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream.

Question 81

where is the liver located?

Answer 81

inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomen upper right-hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines

Question 82

which lobe of the liver is the largest?

Answer 82

right lobe

Question 83

what is the colour of the gall bladder and what causes this colouration?

Answer 83

greenish brown- stores bile to help breakdown fats in food

Question 84

where is bile made and stored?

Answer 84

Bile is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is the greenish-yellow fluid (consisting of waste products, cholesterol, and bile salts) that is secreted by the liver cells to perform 2 primary functions: To carry away waste. To break down fats during digestion. About 50% of the bile produced by the liver is first stored in the gallbladder. This is a pear-shaped organ located directly below the liver. Then, when food is eaten, the gallbladder contracts and releases stored bile into the duodenum to help break down the fats.

Question 85

superior and inferior vena cava

Answer 85

Your superior vena cava is next to the right side of your sternum and goes into your right atrium, where all the oxygen-poor blood goes. Your inferior vena cava is a little longer. It starts where the right and left common iliac veins come together in your belly area and goes up into the right atrium of your heart. The superior vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, arms, and chest. The inferior vena cava carries blood from the legs, feet, and organs in the abdomen and pelvis.

Question 86

terminal ileum

Answer 86

The terminal ileum is the site of the reabsorption of bile salts initially secreted into the duodenum. The resection of large segments of ileum or the ileocecal valve results in the possibility of these bile salts reaching the colon and causing irritative diarrhea and steatorrhea.

Question 87

descending colon

Answer 87

The descending colon is a part of the large intestine. It connects the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon and primarily stores stool that will eventually empty into the rectum. The colon as a whole works to absorb nutrients from the diet and to form and release feces

Question 88

cecum and appendix

Answer 88

Your cecum receives digested food waste from your small intestine and moves it along to your ascending colon. Your appendix hangs off the end of your cecum.

Question 89

ascending colon

Answer 89

The role of the ascending colon is to absorb the remaining water and other key nutrients from the indigestible material, solidifying it to form stool. *The descending colon stores feces that will eventually be emptied into the rectum.

Question 90

sigmoid colon

Answer 90

The primary function of the sigmoid colon is the absorption of water, vitamins, and minerals from the undigested food particles, just like the preceding portions of the bowel; however, it does so to a lesser extent.

Question 91

rectum

Answer 91

The rectum is the lower part of the large intestine that connects to the sigmoid colon. It is about 15 cm (6 in) long. It receives waste from the colon and stores it until it passes out of the body through the anus.