LAB 1 PART 1

Question 1

Heterotrophs

Answer 1

species that ingest solid food particles (eg. humans)

Question 2

are protists unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 2

unicellular

Question 3

autotrophs

Answer 3

species that use photosynthesis to produce nutrients needed to survive (eg. plants)

Question 4

saprophytes

Answer 4

species living amongst decaying organic matter and absorbing the nutrients across their surfaces

Question 5

mixotrophs

Answer 5

species that can use two or more methods to gain their nutrients

Question 6

how many species of protozoa are there?

Answer 6

40000 living species

Question 7

are protozoans animals?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

where did all animals evolve from?

Answer 8

ancient flagellated protozoans

Question 9

are protozoans complex organisms?

Answer 9

yes, they function with specialized organelles.

Question 10

where are protozoans found?

Answer 10

in moist environments, including soil, freshwater, and marine habitats

Question 11

what two types of forms do protozoans occur as?

Answer 11

solitary and colonial

Question 12

do protozoans develop from a blastula stage?

Answer 12

no, theyre unicellular and blastulas are a group of cells.

Question 13

what is the cell membrane of protozoas called?

Answer 13

plasmalemma

Question 14

how is the cytoplasm seperated in the protozoa?

Answer 14

its located within the plasmalemma, and is seperated into a clear gelatinous outer region called the ectoplasm, and an inner fluid region called the endoplasm.

Question 15

what organelles do protozoans have that other organisms don’t?

Answer 15

contractile vacuoles, trichocysts, and toxicysts

Question 16

what is the function of contractile vacuoles?

Answer 16

they expel excess water from the cell, prevent the cell from bursting

Question 17

what is/are the (function of) trichocysts?

Answer 17

trichocycts are long, elongated capsules that when triggered discharge a long, thin filament. its not entirely clear on their function but some theories suggest theyre used for protection and anchorage.

Question 18

what is the function of toxicysts?

Answer 18

involved in predation and they discharge filaments that paralyze prey and initiate digestion

Question 19

organelles capable of ejecting something are called…

Answer 19

extrusomes

Question 20

what do protozoans lack?

Answer 20

circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems

Question 21

how do protozoans remove waste and partake in gas exchange?

Answer 21

they use diffusion across their body surface

Question 22

how do protozoans reproduce?

Answer 22

sexually, and asexually

Question 23

what is fission?

Answer 23

involves chromosomes being duplicated and the parent cell splitting into two or more cells. if two cells are produced its called binary fission, if two or more cells are produced its called multiple fission

Question 24

what is budding?

Answer 24

when a part of the parent cell breaks off and develops into a new individual.

Question 25

what is the cyst state of a protozoan?

Answer 25

protozoans can enter into a cyst state through a process known as encystment. they develop a hard outer cover that can withstand environmental conditions. to form the cyst, the organism loses most of its water and alters its shape. once environmental conditions have improved it can get out of the cyst state through a process called encystment.

Question 26

what are ciliates?

Answer 26

protozoas that use cilia for locomotion

Question 27

how fast can ciliated protozoa move?

Answer 27

2mm/second (they're the fastest)

Question 28

ciliates have characteristic nuclei called...

Answer 28

macronuclei and micronuclei

Question 29

what is the function of the macronuclei?

Answer 29

its larger, contains both DNA and RNA, involved in both day-to-day operations of the protozoa and in the differentiation and regeneration. ciliates cannot live without macronuclei

Question 30

what is the function of the micronuclei?

Answer 30

aids in sexual reproduction, not needed for cilliates to survive,

Question 31

How does asexual reproduction occur in ciliated protozoans?

Answer 31

transverse fission, budding

Question 32

how does sexual reproduction occur in ciliated protozoans?

Answer 32

conjugation, which involves two individuals exchanging genes directly, without packaging them into gametes

Question 33

where do ciliated protozoans thrive?

Answer 33

moist soil environments, freshwater, marine, and free-living.

Question 34

Taxonomy for Paramecium sp. is...

Answer 34

Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Cilliophora Class: Oligohymenophorea Order: Peniculida Family: Parameciidae Genus: Paramecium

Question 35

why can Paramecium sp. glide around and change directions so easily?

Answer 35

they have numerous cilia that cover their body surface and are aligned in rows, they can change direction easily and rotate along their longitudinal axis because of a rhythmic beat pattern.

Question 36

what is the function of the oral groove in Paramecium sp.

Answer 36

serves to guide food particles into the pharynx

Question 37

what is the function of the pellicle?

Answer 37

a body covering, providing stability and flexibility to allow for movement.

Question 38

what does the cytoskeleton include:

Answer 38

protein filaments, microtubules, and vesicles.

Question 39

what affects pellicle flexibility?

Answer 39

the addition of protein filaments, microtubules, and vesicles.

Question 40

binary fission in cilliated protozoans is...

Answer 40

perpendicular to the long axis of the body.

Question 41

how do paramecium sp. reproduce sexually?

Answer 41

conjugation

Question 42

what does Stentor sp. use to contrict its body?

Answer 42

contractile fibres

Question 43

are apicomplexans parasitic or free-living?

Answer 43

parasitic