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Lab 10 vision and the eye > Lab 10 vision and the eye study > Flashcards

Lab 10 vision and the eye study Flashcards

1
Q

Eyes enable us to see in 3 dimensions with

A

stereoscopic vision

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2
Q

Sterioscopic vision - This describes the ability of the visual brain to register a sense of three-dimensional shape and form from visual inputs. In current usage, stereoscopic vision often refers uniquely to the sense of

A

depth derived from the two eyes.

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3
Q

Eyelids also called

A

palpebrae

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4
Q

Eyelids thin, skin-

covered folds that

A

protect eye anteriorly

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5
Q

Eyelids Separated at

A

palpebral fissure (slit)

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6
Q

Eyelids Meet in corners at

A

medial and lateral canthus (commissures)

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7
Q

Lacrimal caruncle located at medial commissure contains

A

oil and sweat glands

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8
Q

Lubricating glands associated with eyelids

A

Tarsal (Meibomian) glands

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9
Q

Tarsal (Meibomian) glands Modified sebaceous glands produce

A

oily secretion that lubricates lid and eye

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10
Q

Conjunctiva - Transparent mucous membrane that produces

A

a lubricating mucous secretion

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11
Q

Lacrimal gland is located in orbit above lateral end of eye and secretes

A

lacrimal secretion (tears)

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12
Q

lacrimal secretion (tears),

A

a dilute saline solution containing mucus, antibodies, and antibacterial lysozyme

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13
Q

Blinking spreads tears toward

A

medial commissure, where they enter lateral puncta

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14
Q

Flow

A
  1. the lacrimal gland produces and secretes tears (lacrimal secretions) 2. tears enter the conjunctival sac via the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland 3. tears flow down and across the eyeball 4. tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi at openings called lacrimal puncta 5. tears drain into the lacrimal sac 6. from the lacrimal sac tears empty via the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
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15
Q

Six straplike extrinsic eye muscles Originate from

A

bony orbit and insert on eyeball

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16
Q

Extrinsic eye muscles Enable eye to

A

follow moving objects, maintain shape of eyeball, and hold it in orbit

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17
Q

Four rectus muscles originate from common tendinous ring; names indicate movements

A

Superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus

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18
Q

Two oblique muscles move eye in vertical plane and rotate eyeball

A

Superior and inferior oblique muscles

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19
Q

lateral rectus moves eye

A

laterally

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20
Q

lateral rectus muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

Vl (abducens)

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21
Q

Medial rectus moves eye

A

medially

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22
Q

Medial rectus muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

lll (oculomotor)

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23
Q

superior rectus elevates eye and turns it

A

medially

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24
Q

superior rectus muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

lll (oculomotor)

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25
Q

inferior rectus depresses eye and turns it

A

medially

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26
Q

inferior rectus muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

lll (oculomotor)

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27
Q

inferior oblique elevates eye and turns it

A

laterally

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28
Q

inferior oblique muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

lll (oculomotor)

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29
Q

superior oblique depresses eye and turns it

A

laterally

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30
Q

superior oblique muscle cotrols what cranial nerve

A

lV (trochlear)

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31
Q

Nasal cavity mucosa is continuous with mucosa of lacrimal duct system, so a cold or nasal inflammation often causes

A

lacrimal mucosa to swell

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32
Q

Swelling constricts the ducts and prevents tears from draining, causing

A

“watery” eyes

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33
Q

Wall of eyeball contains three layers

A
  • Fibrous layer
  • Vascular layer
  • Inner layer
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34
Q

Internal cavity filled with fluids called

A

humors

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35
Q

Lens separates internal cavity into

A

anterior and posterior segments

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36
Q

Fibrous layer Outermost layer;

A

dense avascular

connective tissue

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37
Q

Fibrous layer Two regions

A

sclera and cornea

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38
Q

Sclera

A

Opaque posterior region

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39
Q

Sclera Protects and

A

shapes eyeball

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40
Q

Sclera Anchors

A

extrinsic eye muscles

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41
Q

Cornea Transparent anterior one-sixth of

A

fibrous layer

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42
Q

Cornea Forms clear window that lets light enter and

A

bends light as it enters eye

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43
Q

Numerous pain receptors contribute to

A

blinking and tearing reflexes

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44
Q

Vascular layer Middle pigmented layer of eye, also

called

A

uvea

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45
Q

Vascular layer Three regions

A

choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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46
Q

Choroid region Posterior portion of

A

uvea

47
Q

Choroid region Supplies blood to

A

all layers of eyeball

48
Q

Brown pigment absorbs light to prevent scattering of light, which would cause

A

visual confusion

49
Q

Iris Colored part of eye that lies between

A

cornea and

lens, continuous with ciliary body

50
Q

Pupil: central opening that regulates

A

amount of light entering eye

51
Q

Close vision and bright light cause sphincter pupillae (circular muscles) to contract and pupils to constrict;

A

parasympathetic control

52
Q

Distant vision and dim light cause dilator pupillae (radial muscles) to contract and pupils to dilate;

A

sympathetic control

53
Q

Changes in emotional state—pupils dilate when subject matter is appealing or

A

requires problem- solving skills

54
Q

Anteriorly, choroid becomes

A

Ciliary body

55
Q

Ciliary body Thickened ring of

A

tissue surrounding lens

56
Q

Consists of smooth muscle bundles

A

ciliary muscles, that control shape of lens

57
Q

Capillaries of ciliary processes secrete fluid for

A

anterior segment of eyeball

58
Q

Ciliary (suspensory ligament) extends from

A

ciliary processes to lens

• Holds lens in position

59
Q

Retina originates as an

A

outpocketing of brain

60
Q

Inner layer (retina) Contains: 3

A
  • Millions of photoreceptor cells that transduce light energy
  • Neurons
  • Glial cells
61
Q

Inner layer (retina) Delicate two-layered membrane

A
  • Outer pigmented layer

* Inner neural layer

62
Q

Inner layer (retina) Pigmented layer of the retina Functions: 3

A
  • Absorbs light and prevents its scattering

* Phagocytizes photoreceptor cell fragments • Stores vitamin A

63
Q

Neural layer of the retina

A

Transparent layer that runs anteriorly to margin of ciliary body

64
Q

Neural layer of the retina Composed of three main types of neurons

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

65
Q

Signals spread from photoreceptors to

A

bipolar cells to ganglion cells

66
Q

Ganglion cell axons exit eye as

A

optic nerve

67
Q

Retinal Modifications: Optic disc

A

Site where optic nerve leaves eye

68
Q

Optic disc Lacks photoreceptors, so referred to as

A

blind spot

69
Q

Retina has quarter-billion photoreceptors that cannot

A

respond to light

70
Q

Internal chambers and fluids 2

A

Posterior segment Anterior segment

71
Q

Anterior segment Iris divides

A

anterior segment into two chambers

72
Q

the two chambers

A
  • Anterior chamber

* Posterior chamber

73
Q

Entire anterior segment contains

A

aqueous humor

74
Q

aqueous humor a plasma like fluid continuously formed by

A

capillaries of ciliary processes

75
Q

Drains via scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) Supplies nutrients and oxygen mainly to lens and cornea but also to

A

retina, and removes wastes

76
Q

circulaiton of aqueous humor 3

A
  1. aqueous humore forms by filtration from the capilaries in the ciliary processes 2. aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber some also flow through the vitreous humor 3. aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the venous blood by the scleral venous sinus
77
Q

Posterior segment Contains

A

vitreous humor

78
Q

vitreous humor a fluid that 4

A
  • Transmits light
  • Supports posterior surface of lens
  • Holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer
  • Contributes to intraocular pressure
79
Q

Lens

A

Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular

80
Q

Lens Changes shape to precisely focus light on

A

retina

81
Q

Lens two regions

A

Lens epithelium

Lens fibers

82
Q

Lens epithelium

A

anterior region of cuboidal cells that differentiate into lens fiber cells

83
Q

Lens fibers

A

form bulk of lens

84
Q

Lens fibers are continually added, so lens becomes

A

more dense, convex, and less elastic with age

85
Q

Clouding of lens

A

Consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy

smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight

86
Q

Clouding of lens 3

A
  • Some congenital
  • Crystallin proteins clump
  • Lens can be replaced surgically with artificial lens
87
Q

Refraction

A

bending of light rays

88
Q

Light travels in straight lines (rays) at a constant speed until it

A

reaches a medium with a different density

89
Q

Light rays bend (refraction) during passage through structures of

A

differing density

90
Q

n eye, light is bent (refracted) three times – passing through these structures and the vitreous and aqueous humor

A
  1. Entering cornea or air

2. Entering lens from cornea 3. Leaving lens

91
Q

Refraction – illustration – going from

A

air (less dense) to water (more dense)

92
Q

Lens highly

A

elastic

93
Q

Lens Shape can change via contractions of

A

ciliary smooth muscles

94
Q

Lens Accommodates for light from

A

different distances

95
Q

Looking at close objects, Ciliary muscles

A

contract, decrease tension suspensory ligaments

96
Q

Problems associated with refraction related to eyeball shape 3

A

Myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism

97
Q

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A

Eyeball is too long, so focal point is in front of retina

Corrected with a concave lens

98
Q

hyperopia (farsightedness)

A

Eyeball is too short, so focal point is behind retina Corrected with a convex lens

99
Q

astigmatism

A

Unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea or lens

Corrected with cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures

100
Q

Axons of retinal ganglion cells form

A

optic nerve

101
Q

Medial fibers from each eye cross over at the

A

optic chiasma

102
Q

The lateral field of vision fibers do not cross over at the

A

optic chiasma

103
Q

After leaving the optic chiasm they continue on as

A

optic tracts

104
Q

which means each optic tract: 2

A
  • Contains fibers from lateral (temporal) aspect of eye on same side and medial (nasal) aspect of opposite eye, and
  • Each carries information from same half of visual field
105
Q

Paired Optic Tracts run posteriorly around

A

hypothalamus sending axons to synapse with neurons in Lateral Geniculate Nuclei of thalamus

106
Q

Function: balance and combine retinal input for

A

delivery to visual cortex

107
Q

Axons of Lateral Geniculate Nuclei form Optic Radiation of fibers in

A

white matter

108
Q

Optic radiation of fibers project to primary visual cortex in

A

occipital lobes

109
Q

Rods and Cones are

A

photoreceptors

110
Q

photoreceptors are

A

modified neurons

111
Q

Rods are more numerous; used for

A

dim light and peripheral vision

112
Q

Cones used for bright light and provide for

A

high-resolution and color vision

113
Q

Responsible for understanding common eye disorders pointed out in lab manual
• Find referred to in textbook
• Understand dark and light adaptation referred to in lab manual
• Understand other homeostatic imbalances associate with eye in lab book pg. 204

A

• I may use any of the figures in this presentation in the lab practical with the exception of figure 15.19a (visual pathway – will use the one from the lab manual)

Lab 10 vision and the eye (1 decks)

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