Lab 11- Kidney Function

Question 1

What is lab diagnosis of kidney func based off

Answer 1

Body weight
- increase –> oedema, ascites
- decrease –> chronic kidney disease

Body condition

General status/ behaviour
- depressed

Fur quality, skin turgor
- not nice hair
- decreased turgor

Shape of body
- swelling

Question 2

Water
- normal

Answer 2

20-40 ml/kg body weight/day

Question 3

Water
- max

Answer 3

80 ml/kgBW/day - dog,
40 ml/kgBW/day - cat

Question 4

Water
- General dog
- Small dog

Answer 4

(30 ml/ kg bw): 1 l/day
3 dl/day (300 ml/day)

Question 5

Water
- Cat

Answer 5

1 dl/day (100 ml/day)

Question 6

Water
- Horse

Answer 6

20-30l/day

Question 7

Water
- Cattle

Answer 7

20-40 l/day

Question 8

Water
- sheep/goat

Answer 8

1-2 l/day

Question 9

Water
- swine

Answer 9

3-8 l/day

Question 10

Urine output
- dog

Answer 10

20-40 ml/kg body weight/day

Question 11

Urine output
- ccat

Answer 11

10-20 ml/kg body weight/day

Question 12

Urine output
- horse

Answer 12

5-15 l/day

Question 13

Urine output
- cattle

Answer 13

20-40 l/day

Question 14

Urine output
- sheep

Answer 14

1-2 l/day

Question 15

Urine output
- Swine

Answer 15

3-8 l/day

Question 16

What is diagnosis of kidney failure based off?

Answer 16

anamnesis, physical examination of the patient and laboratory examination of blood and urine

(urinary sediment, protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate and creatinine content of urine).

Question 17

Azotaemia

Answer 17

accumulation of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products in the blood (for example: urea).

Question 18

Ureamia

Answer 18

severe increase in the level of nitrogen containing protein breakdown products and toxins in the blood, leading to obvious clinical signs

Question 19

Determination of Glomerular function

Answer 19

1. Urea colour test
2. Enzymatic Urea method

Question 20

normal urea vol

Answer 20

8-10 mmol/l

Question 21

Causes of increased blood urea concentration:
- pre renal factors

Answer 21

• increased Nitrogen intake
• Poor energy status in ru

Question 22

Ru protein intake
- how it is catabolised

Answer 22

• into Nh3 and resynthesised by rumen micro organisms.
  10% bypass proteins

Question 23

Where is urea excreted from?

Answer 23

salivary gland, ruminal wall, kidney and
udder too.

Question 24

Ru: urea conc milk

Answer 24

2-3 mmol/l

Question 25

What does energy defiency in ru cause?

Answer 25

increased urea concentration in blood and in milk, increased ketone concentration in blood, urine and milk; and decreased glucose concentration in blood and increased total lipid concentration in the blood.

Question 26

What is urea an indicator of?

Answer 26

small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) similarly to vitamin-B12 decrease (increased utilisation by bacteria) and folic acid increase (increased production by bacteria)

Question 27

What does blood in the intestines cause?

Answer 27

typically increases urea concentration in the blood and it can cause significant diagnostic problems!

Question 28

Haemolysis: what does it to do the urea conc

Answer 28

Increase in conc

Question 29

What does an increased catabolism of the tissues own proteins cause?

Answer 29

energy deficiency (due to for example decreased carbohydrate intake), widespread neoplastic processes, high fever, endogenous overproduction or iatrogenic overdose of catabolytic hormones (thyroxine, glucocorticoids))

Question 30

What does a decreased blood perfusion of the kidneys cause?

Answer 30

shock, hypotension, dehydration, cardiac failure, hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease), thromboembolism or strangulation of the renal artery.

Question 31

Causes of decreased urea conc

Answer 31

Impaired liver function: decreased urea synthesis in the liver cells from NH3, leading to increased NH3 level. Haemodilution (hyperhydration) decreased protein intake (starvation, anorexia)

Question 32

How does creatinine produce energy in muscle

Answer 32

converts to creatin this is bound to a phosphate group when released provides energy

Question 33

what is creatinine a good indicator of?

Answer 33

Glomerular function - bc its filtered by the kidney and not reabsorbed

Question 34

Determination of creatinine methods

Answer 34

Jaffe method Enzymatic method

Question 35

Creatinine - Jaffe method - what is the result highly influenced by?

Answer 35

Creatinine forms a yellow orange complex w picric acid on alkalytic pH - haemolysis and jaundice

Question 36

Creatinine - normal value

Answer 36

50-200 umol/l

Question 37

Creatinine - what does its blood conc depend on?

Answer 37

meat content of diet state of muscles - muscle cell damage --> increase - cachexia --> decrease kidney

Question 38

Creatinine - When GFR decreases ... creatinine ....

Answer 38

increases

Question 39

Creatinine Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l) - normal value

Answer 39

0.1-0.06

Question 40

Creatinine Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l) - what does it mean if it is more than 0.06?

Answer 40

pre renal kidney failure decreased blood supply of kidney post renal causes - ureter, urethra, Extrarenal cause -

Question 41

Creatinine Plasma urea (mmol/l) / plasma creatinine (µmol/l) - what does it mean if it is less than 0.06?

Answer 41

renal causes

Question 42

Changes in plasma urea and creatinine conc NOT due to renal disease - High urea, low or normal creatinine

Answer 42

High urea:  increased protein intake  gastrointestinal bleeding  fever (increased protein catabolism)  tetracycline, steroid treatment  haemolysis  necrotic processes  hyperthyroidism (increased protein catabolism)  catabolic drugs (amphetamine) Low, normal creatinine  cachexia  chronic muscle atrophy

Question 43

Changes in plasma urea and creatinine conc NOT due to renal disease - low or normal urea, high creatinine

Answer 43

Low, normal urea:  liver failure, portosystemic shunt  polyuria-polydypsia  low protein intake  anabolic steroids High creatinine:  inflammation of muscles (myocarditis, rhabdomyolysis)  rhabdomyosarcoma  muscle trauma  increased meat intake

Question 44

normal creatinine clearance in: - dogs - cats

Answer 44

2.4-5 (dog), 1.9-5 (cat)

Question 45

What is proteinuria an essential indicator of?

Answer 45

glomerular dysfunction

Question 46

proteinuria febrilis

Answer 46

higher protein concentration in urine despite normal renal function