Lab 12: Comparative Skeletology

Question 1

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Answer 1

muscles place pressure on fluid in an internal body compartment that resists compression and therefore provides a structure for muscles to act on; the pressure on the fluid also causes changes in the shape of an animal

Question 2

Spicules belong to…

Answer 2

Sponges

Question 3

Ossicles and spines belong to …

Answer 3

echinoderms

Question 4

A chitinous exoskeleton belongs to…

Answer 4

Arthropods

Question 5

Calcium Carbonate Shells belong to…

Answer 5

Molluscs

Question 6

Functions of the skeletal system:

Answer 6

-Support for muscles, organs, and soft tissues
-Leverage and movement
-Protection
-Storage of minerals
-Blood cell formation occurs within some bone tissue

Question 7

Is a bone dry and brittle?

Answer 7

No, a living bone is a vascular tissue - not dry and brittle

Question 8

What is a cursorial animal?

Answer 8

An animal with limbs adapted for running

Question 9

Will increasing the length of the leg, increase or decrease stride length?

Answer 9

Increase

Question 10

Will increasing stride length increase or decrease the speed at which an animal can run?

Answer 10

Increase

Question 11

What foot position belongs to a cursor?

Answer 11

Unguligrade

Question 12

Animals with a high degree of extension and flexion in the spine are cursors.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What two major regions are the skeletal system of vertebrates composed of?

Answer 13

axial and appendicular

Question 14

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

Answer 14

the skull, the ribs, the vertebral column, bones of the inner ear, and hyoid

Question 15

What are the five regions the vertebral column is organized into?

Answer 15

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

Question 16

What is the function of the cervical vertebrae? How many do human have?

Answer 16

To be a flexible framework for the neck and supports the head; human have 7

Question 17

What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae? How many do humans have?

Answer 17

The thoracic vertebrae have ribs attached; there are 12 in humans

Question 18

What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae? How many do humans have?

Answer 18

They help support the body’s weight and are attached to many of the back muscles; humans have 5

Question 19

In a typical vertebrae, describe the spinous process?

Answer 19

projects to the back and serves as attachment of muscles and ligaments

Question 20

What are the two projections to each side of a vertebra called?

Answer 20

Transverse processes

Question 21

What is the hole in the center (between the transverse processes) called?

Answer 21

Vertebral foremen

Question 22

Name the bones of the upper limb (forelimb):

Answer 22

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (hand bones), and phalanges (digits or fingers)

Question 23

Name the bones of the lower limb (hindlimb):

Answer 23

femur, tibia (bigger), fibula (smaller), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (toes)

Question 24

What connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

Answer 24

The pectoral

Question 25

What two bones form the shoulder?

Answer 25

The clavicle and scapula

Question 26

What is the pelvic girdle formed by?

Answer 26

The hip/coxal bone

Question 27

The hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones — what are they?

Answer 27

the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

Question 28

The hip socket, which articulates with the femur, is _________(larger/smaller) and ________(shallower/deeper) than that of the shoulder

Answer 28

larger; deeper

Question 29

A _______ is a fibrous muscle tissue, which attaches muscle to bone. A _______ serves to move the bone or structure the muscle to which it is attached contracts

Answer 29

tendon

Question 30

A ______ is a fibrous connective tissue, which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

Answer 30

ligament

Question 31

The ____________ extends from the base of the skull, in humans, to the spinous process of the last cervical vertebra. This ______ limits flexion (when you move your chin to your chest) of the cervical vertebrae in humans

Answer 31

Nuchal ligament; ligament

Question 32

_______ indicate where a muscle tendon or ligament attaches

Answer 32

Projections

Question 33

Which type of projections have a roughened surface?

Answer 33

Projections

Question 34

The ________ is a ridge that extends laterally across the back of the skull and serves as a point of attachment for strong neck muscles? These muscles serve to position, move, and stabilize the head and cervical vertebrae

Answer 34

Nuchal crest

Question 35

T/F: the human sternum flat

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What is a keel?

Answer 36

a bone extension of the breastbone, or sternum, that provides an anchor for flight muscles

Question 37

Are the bones in sugar gliders and flying squirrels an analogous or a homologous trait?

Answer 37

homologous

Question 38

The two gliders had an ancestor with the same pattern of bones in its limbs as these animals. What was that ancestor?

Answer 38

Lobe-finned fish

Question 39

Is the gliding membrane of the two gliders, an analogous trait or a homologous trait?

Answer 39

Analogous

Question 40

The bones of forelimb/upper limb of vertebrates are _______ structures

Answer 40

homologous

Question 41

An animal with _______ posture has the full length of its foot, including ankles and foot bones, on the ground during each stride— what foot posture fits this description?

Answer 41

Plantigrade; humans, bears, and wombats are examples

Question 42

An animal with _______ posture has most of the length of their digits, but not the soles of their feet, in contact with the ground— what foot posture fits this description?

Answer 42

Digitigrade; dogs and cats are examples

Question 43

An animal with ________ posture walks on their tiptoes, often on hooves, only the hoof touches the ground when standing or moving— what foot posture fits this description?

Answer 43

Unguligrade; deer and horses are examples