Lab 2/3 - Anthropometry & Arthrology

Question 1

describe the standardized procedure for measuring skinfolds?

Answer 1

• using skinfold caliper
• all readings are taken on the right side of the body (except abdomen)
• grasp skin girth thumb and index finger, continue to hold while measuring, release jaw and measure after 2-4 seconds
• record reading to 0.5 mm

Question 2

describe the standardized procedure for measuring girth

Answer 2

• anthropometric tape
• apply tape around largest circumference being snug but not causing indentation
• record to the nearest mm
• measure both left and right side and take largest girth

Question 3

describe the standardized procedure for measuring bone width

Answer 3

• bone calliper
• locate medial and later epicondylar/condylar protrusions on the elbow/knee with fingers
• put pen marks on the landmarks
• apply calliper to elbow/knee joint at 90 degrees on medial and lateral epicondylar/condylar protrusions
• widths of both sides should be taken, use larger one

Question 4

discus the differnces between the Pollack and Jackson, Yuhasz, Durnin and Womersley, Peterson and Wang methods for the calculation of percentage body fat from skin folds

Answer 4

• some calculations only involve skin folds while others use corrections for height, weight and age
• most methods form equations based on a relatively small number of subjects with a targeted ethnicity

Question 5

why would you not expect to get identical values from each method? which equation would you consider to be the most accurate

Answer 5

• identical values will not be reached from the different methods because they use different equations and variable to arrive at the percentage of body fat
• the yuhasz methods are to be most accurate because they are based on university students from canada and the u.s.

Question 6

bioelectrical impedance techniques are used to determine percent body fat. describe the principle on which this technique is based?

Answer 6

the bioelectrical impedance technique is based on the principle that resistance to the flow of electrical current is higher in adipose tissue than in bone and muscle which are 71-75% water

Question 7

describe the sources of error in the bioelectrical impedance techniques?

Answer 7

• daily fluctuations on water content from exercise, dehydration, eating and drinking and body temp

Question 8

in the O-scale system of body composition assessment, how is the adiposity rating used to help interpret the proportional weight rating?

Answer 8

those with low adiposity ratings, yet high proportional weight ratings are shown to be overweight rather than over-fat, this becomes helpful with very athletic people such as bodybuilders

Question 9

with referencing the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following: stanine scale

Answer 9

arbitrary scale in comparisons to the normal distribution

Question 10

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms: adiposity.

Answer 10

fat tissue rating

Question 11

with referencing to the O-scale of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - proportional weight rating

Answer 11

fat to weight proportionality

Question 12

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - balanced physique?

Answer 12

having equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings

Question 13

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - dominant physique

Answer 13

• non equal adiposity and proportional weight ratings

Question 14

with referencing to the O-scale system of body composition assessment, describe the following terms - adiposity?

Answer 14

adiposity dominant, vise versa

Question 15

in the canadian physical activity, fitness, and lifestyle appraisal- health body composition assessment procedure, what are the purposes of using the “sum of five skin folds” value and the waist girth measurement?

Answer 15

the purpose of using these values is to acknowledge where any extra fat, if any, is located on the body, as it poses a greater risk if it is located in the abdominal area

Question 16

sagittal plane?

Answer 16

left and right halves

Question 17

frontal plane?

Answer 17

anterior and posterior halves

Question 18

transverse plane?

Answer 18

superior and inferior

Question 19

medial?

Answer 19

near the midline of body

Question 20

lateral?

Answer 20

away from midline of body

Question 21

superior?

Answer 21

toward head

Question 22

inferior?

Answer 22

toward feet

Question 23

anterior?

Answer 23

to the front

Question 24

posterior?

Answer 24

to the back

Question 25

proximal?

Answer 25

towards the trunk

Question 26

distal?

Answer 26

away from the trunk

Question 27

internal?

Answer 27

away from the skin surface

Question 28

external?

Answer 28

on skin surface

Question 29

what are the functions of the hip joint?

Answer 29

- very stable compared to shoulder - wide range of movements but not as mobile as shoulder - bears body weight - allows us to run/walk

Question 30

what are the functions of the shoulder joint?

Answer 30

- ball and socket - mobility - stability - the rotator muscles pull the humeral head superiorly and medially toward the glenoid fossa - clavicle keeps arm out and away from body

Question 31

what are the functions of the knee joint?

Answer 31

- large and complex - weight bearing - locomotion - location of patella and quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament provides better angle of pull and result in greater strength of quads

Question 32

abduction?

Answer 32

movement away from body

Question 33

adduction?

Answer 33

movement towards body

Question 34

extension?

Answer 34

straightening of a joint to 180 degrees

Question 35

flexion?

Answer 35

bending a joint to an acute angle

Question 36

rotation?

Answer 36

circular movement around a fixed point

Question 37

what joint contains the glenoid cavity and labrum?

Answer 37

shoulder

Question 38

what joint contains the cruciate ligaments and menisci?

Answer 38

knee joint

Question 39

what joint contains annular ligament and head of radius?

Answer 39

elbow joint

Question 40

what joint contains acetabulum and iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 40

hip joint

Question 41

how do ligaments contribute to joint stability and mobility?

Answer 41

- attaches bone to bone for stability - acts as a mechanical reinforcement in a synovial joint - gradually stretches when pressure is applied - limits the mobility of articulations or prevents them all together

Question 42

name bones that are distal to the humerus

Answer 42

radius ulna carpals metacarpals

Question 43

name bones that are proximal to the patella

Answer 43

femur ilium ischium pubis

Question 44

name bones that are lateral to the sternum

Answer 44

rib cage humerus radius ulna

Question 45

in the knee joint, what is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 45

cushion between bones

Question 46

in the knee, what is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 46

reduces friction and lubricates joint

Question 47

in the knee, what is the function of cruciate ligaments?

Answer 47

maintains stability in the anterior posterior direction

Question 48

in the knee, what is the function of collateral ligaments?

Answer 48

joins medial condyles of femur and tibia, joins joint capsule and medial meniscus

Question 49

in the knee, what is the function of menisci?

Answer 49

protective layer of cartilage held in place by ligament, disperse weight and reduce friction

Question 50

describe the function of the intervertebral disc during motion and in weight bearing

Answer 50

- acts as a cartiliginous joint by allowing slight movement - acts as a ligament by holding vertebrae in place - acts as a shock absorber for the body's daily activities and keeps vertebrae separate

Question 51

compare the structure and function of the elbow joint and knee joint

Answer 51

- elbow: uniaxial(hinge and pivot), cartilage and synovial membrane - knee: uniaxial(hinge), largest point, very stable from ligaments and tendons, meniscus cartilage (shock absorber) and articular cartilage(ends of femur and tibia)

Question 52

what ligament of the hip joint keeps the body, when in anatomical position, from falling backward at the hip?

Answer 52

iliofemoral

Question 53

what two general types of joints are found in the vertebral column?

Answer 53

fibrous and cartilaginous

Question 54

why is the anatomical position so important in explaining the movement that are possible at joints?

Answer 54

precise terminology is required to describe joint movements and muscle actions

Question 55

name two of the joints that are considered to be part of the shoulder joint complex

Answer 55

acromioclavicular joint | sternoclavicular joint