Lab #2 Anatomical terminology Flashcards
(40 cards)
What sort of advantages or disadvantages can you think of to have different levels of organization?
Advantage:
- specialization in cells increasing the efficiency in tasks
- provides the body with the greater complexity and functionality without a multicellular organisms, leading to increased survival and reproductive success
Disadvantage: complexity/ energy requirement
= higher energy requirement
Levels of structural organization in the body
- atom
- cells
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
- organism
Integumentary system
Skin
- protects against environemntal hazards
- helps regulating body temp
- provides sensory info
Skeletal system
bone, cartilage, ligaments and tendons
- provides support & protections for other tissues
- stores calcium & other minerals
- forms blood cells
Muscular system
composed of specialized cells called muscle fibres. = muscle
- provides movement
- provides protection& support for other tissues
- generates heat that maintains body temp
Lymphatic system
lymph vessles, nodes, bone marrow
- defends against infections & diseases
- returns tissue fluids to bloodstream
Respiratory system
heart/ lungs/ alveoli
- delivers air to alveoli
- provides oxygen to blood stream
- provides sounds for communications
- take away carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Digestive system
- processess & digests food
- absorbs nutrients
- stores energy
nervous system
- directs immadiate responses to stimuli
- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ system
- provides sensory info ab the external environment
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels
- distributes bllood cells, H20 and other materials including nutrients, waster products and oxygen and dioxide.
- distributes heat & assists maintaining the body temp
urinary system
- excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- regulates blood icon concentration & ph
Reproductive system
(male)
- produces sperms, seminal fluids, hormones
- sexual intercourse
(female)
- produces oocytes & hormones
- supports developing embryo from fertilization to delivery
- provides milk to newal intercourse
Layers of the skin
Epidermis (w/ little to no extracellular matrix) :
- a top layer of the body
- protects the body from the external environment
(the biggest protection of all organs)
Dermis (separates other tissue types)
- the layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis
- support & protect the epidermis and deeper layer, assist in thermoregulation
Exampels of accessory structures of the skin
- Hair
- keeps body warm by presenting heat (thermoregulation) - nails
- protects the digits and contributing to tactile sensation - sweat glands
- to control body temp by producing sweats
hypodermis
the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) is a lyaer directly below the dermis, and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fibrous tissue of the bones/ muscles
Body cavity
1) thoracic cavity: heart (pericardial cavity - a fluid filled sac)
2) abdominopelvic cavity: located below the diaphragm (peritoneal cavity - true cavity)
3) pleural cavity: lungs - space between the pleurae of pleural sac that surrounds each lung
4) mediastinum: between the lunds
- contains heart, great vessels, tranchea, and essential nerves
Four addonminoplevic Quadrants
1) left upper
2) right upper
3) left lower
4) right lower
Nine abdominopelvic regions
1) left hypochondriac region
2) right hychondriac region
3) left lumber region
4) right lumber region
5) left linguine region
6) right linguine region
7) epigastric region
8) umbilical region
9) hypogastic region
Identify the organ system that the duodenum is part of and layers of the duodenum
Digestive system,
Layers:
1) mucosa
- absorbs nutrients
- protects tisuses from stomach acid
2) submucosa
- secretes mucus rich in sodium bicarbonate, chemical that helps neutralize stomach acids
3) muscular layer
- contracts to move food through the intestine
4) serosa
- provides a barrier to other organs
What special surface features are found on the epithelial cells facing the lumen and what is their main funtions?
Microvilli: increasing surface areas for absorbtion and secretion
cillia: for the movement to sweep out the dust, mucus and debris
What are some other organs that have a lumen?
The esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon
Anatomical position
you know that
- standing towards (supine position)
Directional terms
- superior (cranial)
- inferior (caudal)
- anterior (ventreal)
- posterior (dosal)
- medial
- lateral
- proximal
- distal
- superficial
- deep
- parietal
- visceral
*make sure to write a full sentence:
(e.g. A is inferior relative to B)
Anatomical landmarks of the body
- abdominal (stomach)
- pelvic (pelvis)
- coxal (hip)
- pubic (vagina)
- otic (ears)
- frontal (forehead)
- orbital (eyes)
- nasal (nose)
- cervical (neck)
- thoracic (chest)
- lumbar (low back)
- sacral (sacrum)
- axillary (armpit)
- politeal (back of knee)
- fermoral (thigh)
- plantar (bottom of foot)
