Lab 2: Genetics and the Principles of Inheritance

Question 1

Locus

Answer 1

A place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located (like and address)

Question 2

Dominant Allele

Answer 2

Will always be expressed when present

Question 3

DNA’s basic building blocks (Nucleotides)

Answer 3

Made of phosphate (the structure’s backbone), sugar (deoxyribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)

Held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

The storehouse of an organism’s genetic information (DNA); Chromosomes live in here

Question 5

ABO Blood Groups

Answer 5

OO= Type O
AO= Type A
BO=Type B
AA=Type A
BB=Type B
AB=Type AB

Question 6

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 6

the 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y)

Question 7

Homozygote

Answer 7

When a zygote carries identical alleles at a given locus

exp. RR or rr (two dominant or 2 recessive alleles)

Question 8

Adenine’s base pairing partner

Answer 8

Thymine

Question 9

Complex Traits

Answer 9

Traits that show continuous variation

They’re expressed on a spectrum

Question 10

Gene

Answer 10

Basic unit of inheritance
Codes for specific proteins
Come multiple variations (called alleles)

Question 11

Heterozygote

Answer 11

When a zygote carries DIFFERENT alleles at a given locus
exp Rr (mix of dominant and recessive alleles)

Question 12

Zygote

Answer 12

Fertilized egg cell (has 46 chromosomes)

Question 13

Complex Traits (the kind influenced by more than 2 genes)

Answer 13

Polygenic and Multifactorial

Question 14

Guanine’s base pairing partner

Answer 14

Cytosine

Question 15

Law of Segregation

Answer 15

A parent’s chromosomes separate (via meiosis) so that only one allele for any given trait is present to be combined with the other parents’ alleles in the resulting zygote

Question 16

Phenotype

Answer 16

The OBSERVABLE physical expression of an organism’s genotype

Question 17

Complex Traits: Multifactorial

Answer 17

Derived from multiple proteins that impact phenotype AAAAAND environmental factors

Question 18

Complementary base pairing

Answer 18

The pairing of the nitrogenous bases (GATC)

Question 19

Mendelian Inheritance Laws

Answer 19

Mendel’s explanation for how traits are passed down; Do not account for environmental factors:
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

Question 20

Genotype

Answer 20

The complete set of an organism’s genes

Question 21

Recessive Allele

Answer 21

Will always be masked if a dominant allele is present

Will be expressed if present with another recessive allele

Question 22

Alleles

Answer 22

The different possible variations of a particular gene

Blood groups consist of 3 alleles: ABO

Question 23

Chromosomes

Answer 23

Structures composed of DNA and proteins that are linked together

Question 24

Complex Traits: Polygenic

Answer 24

Derived from multiple proteins that impact phenotype

Question 25

DNA

Answer 25

an organism's genetic information

Question 26

Heredity

Answer 26

The transfer of traits from parents to offspring

Question 27

Autosomes

Answer 27

the 22 pairs non sex chromosomes

Question 28

Gametes

Answer 28

Human reproductive cells (egg and sperm); only have X or Y

Question 29

Thymine's base pairing partner

Answer 29

Adenine

Question 30

Somatic Cells

Answer 30

The cells that have all 46 chromosomes (basically, all cells EXCEPT for sex cells, which only have X or Y chromosomes)

Question 31

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 31

The idea that inheritance of one trait does not attest the inheritance of other traits. Explains variation

Question 32

Cytosine's base pairing partner

Answer 32

Guanine

Question 33

Simple Traits

Answer 33

Traits that show discontinuous variation